Blood Pressure
On examination the blood pressure will get two numbers. Higher rates obtained when the heart contracts (systolic), a lower number obtained when the heart relaxes (diastolic). Blood pressure less than 120/80 mmHg is defined as "normal". In high blood pressure, usually there is an increase systolic and diastolic pressures. Hypertension usually occurs in the blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or above, measured in both arms three times in a few weeks.
Blood pressure regulation
Increased blood pressure in the arteries can occur in several ways:
* The heart pumps more powerful that drain more fluid on every second
* Large arteries lose elasticity and become rigid, so that they can not inflate when the heart pumps blood through the arteries. Hence the blood at each heart beat are forced to pass through narrow vessels than usual and cause a rise in pressure. This is what happens in the elderly, where the artery wall has been thickened and stiff due to arteriosclerosis. In the same way, blood pressure also increased in the event of "vasoconstriction", ie if the small arteries (arterioles) to temporarily shrink due to stimulation of nerves or hormones in the blood.
* Increased fluid in the circulation can cause increased blood pressure. This happens if there are abnormalities of renal function and is unable to throw some salt and water from the body. The volume of blood in the body increases, so the blood pressure also increased.
* Reduced heart pumping activity
* Arterial experiencing widening
* A lot of fluid out of circulation
Then blood pressure will decrease or become smaller.
Adjustment for these factors are implemented by changes in renal function and autonomic nervous system (part of the nervous system that regulates many body functions automatically).
Changes in Kidney Function
The kidneys control blood pressure in several ways:
* If the blood pressure increases, the kidneys will increase spending on salt and water, which will cause a reduction in blood volume and blood pressure returns to normal.
* If blood pressure drops, the kidney will reduce the discharge of salt and water, thereby increasing blood volume and blood pressure returned to normal.
* The kidneys can also increase blood pressure by producing an enzyme called renin, which triggers the formation of the hormone angiotensin, which in turn will trigger the release of the hormone aldosterone.
Kidney is an important organ in controlling blood pressure and therefore a variety of diseases and disorders of pda kidney can cause high blood pressure.
Eg narrowing of the arteries that leads to one of the kidneys (renal artery stenosis) can cause hypertension.
Inflammation and injury to one or both kidneys can also cause a rise in blood pressure.
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic nervous system is part of the autonomic nervous system, which will temporarily:
* Increased blood pressure responses during the fight-or-flight response (the body's physical reaction to external threats)
* Improve the speed and strength of the heartbeat; too narrow majority of the arterioles, but the widening of the arterioles in certain areas (eg skeletal muscles, which require more blood supply)
* Reduce the discharge of water and salt by the kidneys, thereby increasing the volume of blood in the body
* Release the hormone epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which stimulates the heart and blood vessels.
Symptom
In most patients, hypertension causes no symptoms, although inadvertently some of the symptoms occur simultaneously and reliably associated with high blood pressure (though not really). Symptom in question is a headache, bleeding from the nose, dizziness, facial flushing and fatigue, which could have occurred either in patients with hypertension, as well as to a person with normal blood pressure.
If hypertension is severe or chronic, and untreated, may develop the following symptoms:
* Headache
* Fatigue
* Nausea
* Vomiting
* Shortness of breath
* Restlessness
* Blurred vision that occurs because of damage to the brain, eyes, heart and kidneys.
Sometimes patients with severe hypertension has decreased consciousness and even coma due to brain swelling. This situation is called hypertensive encephalopathy, which require immediate treatment.
Based on the cause of hypertension is divided into two types:
1. Primary or essential hypertension is hypertension that is not / unknown cause (located at approximately 90% of all hypertension).
2. Secondary hypertension is hypertension due to / as a result of the presence of other diseases.
Primary hypertension is likely to have many causes; some changes on the heart and blood vessels together probably cause increased blood pressure.
If the cause is unknown, it is called secondary hypertension. In about 5-10% of hypertensive patients, the cause is kidney disease. In about 1-2%, the cause is a hormonal disorder or the use of certain medications (such as birth control pills).
Other rare causes of hypertension is a phaeochromocytoma, which is a tumor of the adrenal glands that produce hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) or norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
Overweight (obesity), an inactive lifestyle (lazy exercise), stress, alcohol or salt in food, can trigger the occurrence of hypertension in people who have inherited susceptibility. Stress tends to cause a rise in blood pressure for a while, if the stress has passed, then the blood pressure usually returns to normal.
Some causes of secondary hypertension:
1. Kidney Disease
* Renal artery stenosis
* Pyelonephritis
* Glomerulonephritis
* Kidney Tumors
* Kidney disease polikista (usually inherited)
* Trauma to the kidneys (the wounds of the kidneys)
* Radiation therapy to the kidney
2. Hormonal Abnormalities
* Hyperaldosteronism
* Cushing's syndrome
* Phaeochromocytoma
3. Drugs
* Birth control pills
* Corticosteroids
* Cyclosporine
* Erythropoietin
* Cocaine
* Alcohol abuse
* Cinnamon (in huge quantities)
4. Other Causes
* Aortic coarctation
* Preeclampsia in pregnancy
* Acute Intermittent Porphyria
* Acute lead poisoning.
Traditional medicines that can be used
* Mulberry
* Leaf green grass jelly
* Celery (should not exceed 10-10 grams per day, because it can cause a drastic decrease in blood pressure)
* Garlic (no more than 3-5 cloves a day)
* Rosela
* Leaves cat whiskers
* Lemongrass drink. lemongrass tea, dry or wet lemon grass (fresh) taken 3 times daily. Within a week may seem a decrease high blood pressure.
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