Hypercalcemia
Introductions Hypercalcemia
Calcium is a mineral essential in the regulation and processes of many body functions including bone formation, hormone release, muscle contraction, and nerve and brain function. Hypercalcemia is a term that refers to the calcium levels rise in the bloodstream.
Setting Calcium
Calcium levels are strictly regulated in the body. Setting calcium mainly controlled by parathyroid hormone or parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D, and calcitonin.
* Parathyroid hormone is a hormone produced by the parathyroid glands, which are four tiny glands that surround the thyroid and is found in the anterior (front) of the lower neck.
* Vitamin D is obtained through a process that began with the exposure to the sun on the skin, the process then continues in the liver and kidneys. Vitamin D can also be found in foods such as eggs and dairy products.
* Calcitonin is produced in specialized cells in the thyroid gland.
Together, all three of these hormones work on the bones, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract to regulate calcium levels in the bloodstream.
The causes of Hypercalcemia
Any of the causes of the most common of the high-calcium levels (hypercalcemia), is the excess production of parathyroid hormone, or hyperparathyroidism.
* Hyperparathyroidism occurred in 25 of every 100,000 people and tend to be more common in women.
* It may be a result of all of his four parathyroid glands that produce too much PTH (parathyroid hyperplasia), or one in particular glands produce an excessive amount of hormones (usually a result of the parathyroid adenoma, or benign tumors).
Hypercalcemia may occur caused by other medical conditions. These conditions can vary in severity and kekronisannya, and may be life threatening. Dangerous disease is a common cause of elevated blood calcium. Up to 20% of individuals with cancer will develop hypercalcemia at some point in their illness.
Other conditions associated with hypercalcemia include:
* These cancers, particularly lung cancer and breast cancer
* Cessation of movement or paralysis over a long period of time
* Kidney Failure
* An overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) or excessive thyroid hormone intake
* Use of drugs such as thiazide diuretics certain
* The conditions of the kidneys or the inherited metabolic / inherited
* The levels of vitamin D excess of vitamins, dietary calcium overload, or from diseases that might result in excessive production of vitamin D
Signs and Symptoms of Hypercalcemia
In the majority of patients with hypercalcemia, signs and symptoms are minimal. In general, the symptoms increased with calcium levels higher in the blood. In severe cases, calcium levels rise can cause heart rhythms are abnormal with specific findings on the electrocardiogram (ECG).
Because the clinical findings seen in hypercalcemia, symptoms are often described as "moaning-groaning (moans), stones (stones), moans, groans (groans), and the bones (bones)".
Some of the symptoms include the following:
-Moans or groans Moans (conditions of digestion)
* Constipation
* Nausea
* Decreased appetite
* Abdominal pain
* Peptic ulcer disease
The stones or Stones (conditions relating to the kidney)
* Kidney stones
* Pain waist
* Urinating frequently
Moans, moans or groans (psychological conditions)
* Confusion
* Dementia
* Kehilanga memory
* Depression
The bones or Bones (bone pain and conditions associated with bone)
* Pain-aches and bone aches
* Fractures
* Bend vertebrae (spine) and loss of height
Diagnose Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia easily diagnosed by blood tests. Diagnose the causes of hypercalcemia, however, is a more involved process; in addition to the history and detailed physical examination, he may need blood tests more (such as levels of PTH and vitamin D levels), evaluation of urine, X-rays , and imaging procedures (imaging) other.
Caring for Hypercalcemia
Maintenance of calcium levels rise in the blood involves the evaluation of the following:
1. Whether the calcium level rises enough to be dangerous, or it causes the symptoms?
2. What are the underlying cause of hypercalcemia, and whether he needs treatment?
If hypercalcemia causes severe symptoms, or if the value of critical high-value, lower blood levels may require hospitalization and the use of hydration, steroids, or even dialysis. There intravenous drugs that can also be used to lower calcium.
If hypercalcemianya is, treatment with medications can be administered on an outpatient basis.
If the underlying cause is hyperparathyroidism (mainly of adenoma), there are certain criteria that are reviewed to discuss whether surgery should be considered. These criteria include absolute calcium levels, history of kidney stones or complication-other complications associated with calcium, and the amount of calcium seen in 24-hour urine collection. Based on these findings, surgical removal of adenomas may be considered.
Prognosis for Hypercalcemia
The results of treatment for hypercalcemia depends on the underlying causes of the condition. If hypercalcemia is seen in the presence of cancer, the average one-year survival rate is less than 30%. The prognosis is very good for a lot of other causes of hypercalcemia with the terms of the underlying cause and treated.
Preventing Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia can not be prevented, but early detection can both allow normalization of calcium levels and leads to the early work to determine the cause. If there is a family history of hypercalcemia or hyperparathyroidism is known, is worth to mention this to the doctor; with the patient and doctor can determine whether screening (screening) guaranteed.
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