Avian Influenza (H5N1 Virus) and Swine influenza (H1N1 virus)

Avian Influenza (H5N1 Virus) and Swine influenza (H1N1 virus) 

Avian Influenza (H5N1 Virus)

Avian influenza is an infectious disease caused by viruses that normally infect birds and mammals.

Source of infection

Cause of bird flu was type A influenza virus that spreads among birds. The virus is then found to be capable also spread to other species such as pigs, cats, dogs, tigers, and humans.

Influenza virus type A has several subtypes characterized the hemagglutinin (H) and Neuramidase (N). There are 9 variants H and 14 variants of N. Bird flu virus is contagious right now is the H5N1 subtype that has an incubation time of 3-5 days.

Modes of Transmission

Domestication of wild birds and poultry (livestock) can be a source of spreading H5N1. In Southeast Asia most cases of bird flu occurred in poultry transport or instead of wild bird migration routes.

This virus can be transmitted through air or contact with food, drink, and touch. However, this virus will die in high temperatures. Therefore, meat, eggs, and animals should be thoroughly cooked to avoid infection. Personal hygiene should be maintained also by washing hands with antiseptic. Cleanliness of body and clothing also needs to be maintained.

The virus can survive in cold temperatures. Raw foods refrigerated or frozen to keep the virus. Hands should be washed before and after cooking or touching raw food.

Poultry should not be nurtured in the home or residence room. Livestock must be kept away from the housing to reduce the risk of transmission.

Not forever if acquiring the virus will cause illness. However, this can be dangerous in the future because the virus is always mutating so that it has the potential pathogen at a time. Therefore, if found animals or birds that died suddenly the authorities will make allegations of bird flu. To prevent transmission, the other animals in the vicinity of the bird flu need destroyed.and prevented its spread.

Symptoms and treatment

Common symptoms that can occur are high fever, respiratory complaints, and (possibly) of the abdomen. Viral replication in the body can run fast so that the patient needs immediate medical attention.

Medical treatment and drug delivery conducted by authorized medical personnel. The drugs are usually given for fever and anti-virus. Among the antiviral agents can be used is the type that inhibits the replication of neuramidase (neuramidase inhibitors), such as Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and Zanamivir. Each of the antivirus has side effects and should be given within a certain time so that the necessary opinion doctor.

Case Distribution

On July 21, 2005, three fatal cases occurred in Tangerang, Indonesia, caused by avian influenza subtype H5N1. In contrast to other cases in Southeast Asia (Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam), the case is considered unique because the victim is not much to do with birds.

Swine influenza (H1N1 virus)

Swine influenza is influenza cases caused by Orthomyxoviridae viruses that are endemic in pig populations. Strains of swine flu virus has been isolated to date have been classified as C or subtype of the genus Influenzavirus Influenzavirus A

Pigs can accommodate the flu virus from humans and birds, allowing the virus to exchange genes and create a pandemic strain.

Swine flu infects humans each year and are usually found in people who come into contact with pigs, although it was also found cases of transmission from human to human. Symptoms of the virus include fever, disorientation, stiffness in the joints, vomiting, and loss awareness that ends in death known to be caused by a swine influenza A virus subtype H1N1  H1N2 H3N1, H3N2 and H2N3.

In the United States, only the H1N1 subtype prevalent in swine populations before 1998. But since the end of Augusts 1998, subtype H3N2 has been isolated also from pigs.

Origin

On February 5, 1976, soldiers at Fort Dix, the United States declared himself exhausted and weak, then died the next day. The doctor said his death was caused by this virus, as happened in 1918. President at the time, Gerald Ford, was asked to direct his subjects were injected with the vaccine, but the plan was canceled.

On August 20, 2007, this virus infects a resident on the island of Luzon, Philippines.

Signs and symptoms

According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States, symptoms of influenza are similar to influenza. Symptoms such as fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, head, chills, lethargic and weak. Some patients also reported bowel movements and vomiting.

In diagnosing this disease not only have to look at specific signs or symptoms, but also recent records of patients. For example, during the 2009 swine flu outbreak in the U.S., the CDC advises doctors to see "whether an outbreak of swine flu in patients who are diagnosed to have acute respiratory illnesses have a relationship with the person in charge of swine flu, or be in five U.S. states that reported cases of swine flu or being in Mexico within seven days before the beginning of their disease. " The diagnosis for the determination of this virus requires a breathing test for example.

Change of name

Naming types of the disease is considered one by many, because society has made the wrong interpretation - that the pigs can transmit disease to humans. To that end, the World Health Organization (WHO) has changed the name of this illness with influenza A (H1N1) from 30 April 2009.

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Influenza ( Flu ) Virus

Influenza ( Flu ) Virus

Influenza, better known as flu, is an infectious disease caused by RNA viruses of the family Orthomyxoviridae (influenza virus), which attacks birds and mammals. The most common symptoms of this disease are chills, fever, sore throat, muscle aches, severe headache, coughing, weakness and general discomfort.

Although often confused with other influenza-like illness, especially colds, influenza is a disease more severe than the flu and is caused by different types of viruses  Influenza can cause nausea, and vomiting, especially in children,  but the symptoms The disease is more frequently found in gastroenteritis, which is completely unrelated, which is also sometimes incorrectly referred to as "stomach flu."  Influenza viral pneumonia can sometimes lead to direct or cause secondary bacterial pneumonia.

Typically, influenza is transmitted through the air via coughing or sneezing, which will generate aerosols containing the virus. Influenza can also be transmitted through direct contact with bird feces or nasal mucus, or through contact with contaminated surfaces. Airborne aerosols (airborne aerosols) suspected cause most infections, although the transmission path where the greatest role in a disease is not yet completely clear. The influenza virus can be inactivated by sunlight, disinfectant, and detergent.  Frequent hand washing will reduce the risk of infection because the virus can be inactivated with soap.

Influenza spreads throughout the world in seasonal epidemics, resulting in the death of 250,000 and 500,000 people each year,  even up to millions of people in pandemic years. On average 41,400 people die each year in the United States in the period between 1979 and 2001 because of influenza.  In 2010 the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in the United States changed the way they reported the estimate of deaths due to influenza in 30 years. Today they report that there is a range of mortality rates ranging from 3300 to 49,000 deaths per year.

Three influenza pandemics occurred in the twentieth century and has killed tens of millions of people. Each pandemic was caused by the emergence of new strains of this virus in humans. Often, this occurs when a new strain of flu virus that already have spread to humans from another animal species, or when a human influenza virus strains that have been there to take new genes from viruses that normally infect poultry or pork. Avian strain called H5N1 has raised fears the emergence of new influenza pandemic, after its emergence in Asia in the 1990s, but the virus has not evolved into a form that spreads easily from human to human.  In April 2009 a strain of virus The new flu evolved that contain a mixture of genes from human influenza, swine, and poultry, which was originally called "swine flu" and is also known as influenza A/H1N1, which appeared in Mexico, the United States, and several other countries. World Health Organization (WHO) officially declared the pandemic a pandemic on June 11, 2009 (see the 2009 flu pandemic). WHO Declaration on the pandemic level 6 is an indication of the spread of the virus, rather than the severity of the disease, these strains actually have a lower mortality rate compared with the common cold virus outbreak.

Vaccinations against influenza are usually available for people in developing countries.  Cattle are often vaccinated poultry to prevent the destruction of all cattle.  The vaccine in humans is most often used is the trivalent influenza vaccine (trivalent influenza vaccine [TIV]) that contain antigens that have been purified and inactivated against three strains of virus. Usually, this kind of vaccine contains material from two strains of influenza virus subtypes A and one strain of influenza subtype B.  TIV has no risk of transmitting the disease, and has a very low reactivity. Vaccine formulated for one year may be ineffective for the following year, since influenza viruses evolve rapidly, and new strains will soon replace old strains. Antiviral drugs can be used to treat influenza, neuraminidase inhibitors (such as Tamiflu or Relenza).  which is especially effective.

Classification

The types of virus

In the classification of viruses, including influenza virus RNA viruses which are three of the five genera in the family Oethomyxoviridae:

* Influenza A Virus

* Influenza B Virus

* Influenza virus C

These viruses have a much kinship with human parainfluenza virus, which is an RNA virus that is part of the paramyxovirus family, which is a common cause of respiratory infections in children, such as croup (laryngotracheobronchitis),  but can also cause disease similar to influenza in adults.

Influenza A virus

This genus has one species, influenza virus A. Wild aquatic birds are natural hosts for a large number of varieties of influenza A. Sometimes, the virus can be transmitted to other species and can cause outbreaks that have a major impact on domestic poultry or pose a human influenza pandemic.

Virus type A is the most virulent human pathogens among the three types of influenza and cause the most severe disease. Influenza A virus can be further divided into subdivisions of different serotypes, serotypes based on antibody responses against this virus.  serotype that has been confirmed in humans, sorted by the number of deaths pandemic in humans, are:

* H1N1, which caused the Spanish Flu in 1918, and the Swine Flu in 2009

* H2N2, which caused the Asian Flu in 1957

* H3N2, which caused Hong Kong Flu in 1968

* H5N1, which caused AI in 2004

* H7N7, which has unusual zoonotic potential

* H1N2, endemic in humans, pigs, and poultry

* H9N2

* H7N2

* H7N3

* H10N7

Influenza B virus

This genus has one species, namely influenza virus B. influenza B almost exclusively only attack humans  and more rarely as compared with influenza A. Other animals known to be infected by influenza B infection is the seal and ferrets. This type of influenza mutate 2-3 times slower than type A  and therefore less genetic diversity, there is only one serotypes of influenza B.  Because there is no antigenic diversity, some degree of immunity to influenza B is usually acquired at a young age. However, mutations that occur in influenza B virus is enough to make permanent immunity becomes impossible.  Changes are slow antigen, combined with a limited number of host (does not allow transfer of antigens between species), create a pandemic influenza B does not occur.

Influenza C virus

This genus has one species, influenza C virus, which infects humans, dogs, and pigs, sometimes causing severe illness and local epidemics.  However, influenza C is less common than with other species and usually cause only mild disease in children.

Structure, properties, and nomenclature subtypes

Influenza virus A, B, and C are very similar in overall structure.  This virus particle diameter and typically 80-120 nanometers or less shaped like a ball, although filamentous forms can be found. The form of this filamentous more common in influenza C, which can form thread-like structure with a length of 500 micrometers on the surface of infected cells.  However, although a variety of shapes, particles of all influenza viruses have the same composition.  The composition is a viral envelope containing two types of glycoproteins, that surrounds a central core. The central core containing the RNA genome and other viral proteins that encloses and protects the RNA. RNA tends to consist of a single strand but in special cases can be two strands.  In the virus, the viral genome does not consist of a nucleic acid sequence; but usually consist of seven or eight negative-sense RNA of the segmented, each part containing one or two RNA genes.  Example, the genome of influenza A contains 11 genes in eight sections of RNA, which code 11 proteins: hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), nucleoprotein (NP), M1, M2, NS1, NS2 (NEP: nuclear export protein), PA, PB1 (polymerase basic 1 ), and PB2 PB1-F2.

Hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are two major flikoprotein outside viral particles. HA is a lectin that mediates bonding (binding) virus to target cells and entry of the viral genome in target cells, while NA is involved in the escape of child virus from infected cells, by cleaving sugars that bind to mature virus particles.  Therefore, this protein is a target for antiviral drugs.And again, both an antigen, whereby antibodies to these antigens can be created. Influenza A viruses are classified into subtypes based on antibody responses against HA and NA. The types of HA and NA is a distinction in the H and N, the naming of viruses, such as H5N1.  There are 16 H subtypes and 9 N subtypes are known, but only H 1, 2, and 3, and N 1 and 2 are commonly found in humans.

Replication

The virus can replicate only in living cells.  Infection and replication of influenza is a gradual process: first, the virus must bind to the cell and enters the cell, then move the genome in a place where the virus can produce a duplicate of viral proteins and RNA, and then compile these components into new virus particles, and finally, exit from the host cell.

Influenza virus hemagglutinin binds to sugar through acid sialat on the surface of epithelial cells, usually on the nose, throat, and lungs of mammals, birds and intestine (stage 1 in the figure of infection). After the hemagglutinin broken down by protease, the virus would enter cells through endocytosis.

Once inside the cell, acidic conditions in endosom will cause the two events occur: first, part of the hemagglutinin protein would unite the viral envelope with the vacuole membrane, then the M2 ion channel will allow protons to move through the viral envelope and acidify the virus core, which will cause decompose and release the core into viral RNA and core protein.  The molecule of viral RNA (vRNA), accessory proteins, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) will be released in the cytoplasm (Phase 2).  M2 ion channel will be partitioned (blocked) by the drug amantadine, which will prevent infection. [46]

This core protein along with vRNA to form a complex that will be transported to the cell nucleus, where RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to initiate transcription of complementary sense vRNA positive (step 3a and b). vRNA can run out into the cytoplasm and translation (step 4) or remained in the nucleus. Newly synthesized viral proteins can be secreted through the Golgi apparatus to the cell surface (in the neuraminidase and hemagglutinin, step 5b) or transported back into the cell nucleus to bind vRNA and form new viral genome particles (step 5a). Other viral proteins have a diverse work in the host cell, including cellular mRNA parse and use the free nucleotides for vRNA synthesis and also inhibit translation of mRNA and also inhibits host cell mRNA translation.

negative-sense vRNA that form of candidate viral genomes, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase), and other viral proteins are organized into virions. Hemagglutinin and neuraminidase molecules will be grouped to form a bulge on the cell surface. vRNA and viral core protein will leave the cell nucleus and enter this membrane protrusion (step 6). Virus budding adults will do off of the cells in a spherical shape that consists of host phospholipid membrane, acquiring hemagglutinin and neuraminidase are contained in a layer of this membrane (step 7).  As before, the virus will bind through hemagglutinin; mature virus neuraminidase will break away if they've broken sialat acid residues from the host cell. Drugs that inhibit neuraminidase, such as oseltamivir, would prevent the release of new infectious virus and prevent viral replication.  After the release of a new influenza virus, the host cell will die.

Because of the absence of RNA proofreading enzymes, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase is copying the virus genome will make a mistake about every 10 thousand nucleotides, which corresponds to an average of influenza vRNA. Therefore, most of the influenza virus is a mutant finished assembled; this will cause  antigen, which is a slow change in the antigen on the surface of the virus over time.  The separation of the genome into eight separate segments of vRNA allows mixing or reassortment of vRNA if more than one type of influenza viruses infect a single cell. This will lead to rapid changes of genetic virus that will cause displacement antigen, which is an abrupt change from one antigen to other antigens. The big change that suddenly allows the virus to infect new host species and can be quickly overcome protective immunity that has been there.  This is important in the emergence pandem mechanism, which is discussed below in the section of Epidemiology.

Signs and symptoms

Symptoms of influenza can be started quickly, one to two days after infection. Usually the first symptoms are chills or feeling cold, but fever is also common in early infection, with body temperatures ranging from 38-39 ° C (approximately 100-103 ° F).  Many people feel so ill that they can not get out of bed occupied for several days, with aches and pains all over his body, which feels heavier in the hip area and legs.  Symptoms of influenza may include:

* Fever and a feeling of extreme cold (shivering, shaking)

* Cough

* Nasal obstruction

* Body aches, especially joints and throat

* Fatigue

* Headache

* Eye irritation, watery eyes

* Red eyes, red skin (especially face), as well as redness of the mouth, throat, and nose

* Rash petechiae

* In children, gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea and abdominal pain,  (may be severe in children with influenza B)

Sometimes it is difficult to distinguish between colds and influenza in the early stages of this infection, but the flu can be identified if there are sudden high fever with extreme fatigue. Diarrhea is usually not a symptom of influenza of children,  but it can be found in most cases of "bird flu" H5N1 in humans  and can be a symptom in children.  The most common symptoms of influenza found on the indicated on the table at right.

Because antiviral drugs effective in treating influenza when given early (see treatment section below), it is important to identify cases early. Of the symptoms mentioned above, the combination of fever with cough, sore throat and / or nasal congestion may improve the accuracy diagnostic.Two studies of decision analysis  showed that when there is a local influenza outbreak, the prevalence is more than 70%,  therefore, patients with one combination of these symptoms can be treated with neuraminidase inhibitors without examination. Even when the absence of local outbreaks, treatment can be justified in older patients during the influenza season during the prevalence is over 15%.

The availability of laboratory tests for influenza is constantly increasing. Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) United States, summarizes the latest available laboratory tests.  According to the CDC, rapid diagnostic tests (rapid diagnostic test) has a sensitivity of 70-75% and specificity of 90-95% compared with viral culture . This examination is particularly useful in the influenza season (prevalence = 25%) in the absence of outbreaks, or periinfluenza season (prevalence = 10% [60]).

Transmission

Influenza virus shedding (the time at which a person can transmit the virus to others) starting one day before symptoms appear and the virus will be released for between 5 to 7 days, although some people may shed virus for longer periods. People who are infected with influenza the most infective in the second and third day after infection.  The number of viruses that are released seemingly associated with fever, the amount of virus released is greater when the temperature is higher. Children are far more infectious than adults and they shed virus before they experience symptoms until two weeks after infection.  Transmission of influenza can be modeled mathematically, which will assist in the prediction of how the virus spreads in the population.

Influenza can be spread in three main ways:  through direct transmission (when an infected person sneezing, nasal mucus which there enter directly in the eyes, nose, and mouth of another person); through the air (when a person inhaling aerosols (small liquid droplets in air) produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or spits), and through the introduction of hand-to-eye, hand-to-nose, or hand-to-mouth, either from contaminated surfaces or from direct personal contact such as shaking hands. Where the most important mode of transmission remains unclear, but all have contributed in the spread of the virus.  In the air routes of transmission, droplet size is small enough to be inhaled in diameter from 0.5 to 5 μm and inhalation of droplets may be sufficient to cause infection.Although a single sneeze can release up to 40,000 droplets,  most of the droplets are quite large and will quickly disappear from the air. How long does the influenza virus can survive in air droplets appears to be influenced by moisture content and ultraviolet radiation: low humidity and lack of sunlight in the winter to help the survival of this virus.

Because the influenza virus can survive outside the body, this virus can be transmitted through contaminated surfaces such as sheets of money, doorknobs, light switches, and objects other household. The length of time the virus can survive on a surface diverse, the virus can survive for a day or two on a hard surface and not porous such as plastic or metal, for about fifteen minutes on dry tissue paper, and only five minutes on the skin.  However, when the virus contained in the mucous / mucus, mucus can protect the viruses so that endure for a long time (up to 17 days on banknotes).  The bird flu virus can survive in an unknown time when in a frozen state. The virus has inactivation by heating to 56 ° C (133 ° F) for a minimum of 60 minutes, and also by acid (pH <2).

Pathophysiology

The mechanism of how infection can cause symptoms of influenza in humans have been studied intensively. One mechanism is the inhibition is believed to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH / Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) that cause decreased levels of the hormone cortisol.  Knowing which genes are contained in certain viral strains can help predict how the virus can be transmitted infection and weighing what will happen (predicting the pathophysiology of a viral strain).

For example, part of the process that allows the influenza virus invades a cell is the decomposition of the virus hemagglutinin protein by one of the human protease enzymes.  on a mild viral infection and avirulen, the structure of hemagglutinin that there can only be parsed by the proteases that are found in throat and lungs, so the virus can not infect other tissues. However, at the very virulent strain, like H5N1, the hemagglutinin is contained within the virus can be parsed by a variety of diverse proteases, thereby allowing the virus spreads throughout the body.

Virus hemagglutinin protein responsible for both in determining which species can be infected by a virus strain and the location of the respiratory tract which can bind to an influenza virus strain.  strain can be transmitted easily from human to human has the hemagglutinin protein that binds to receptors in the upper respiratory tract, such as the nose, throat, and mouth. Conversely, a highly dangerous H5N1 strain binds to the receptor most commonly found in the lung.  Differences in the site of infection may be part of the reason why the H5N1 strain caused severe viral pneumonia in the lungs, but does not spread easily through coughing and sneezing.

Symptoms are often found on the flu such as fever, headache, and fatigue is the result of a large number of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokin (such as interferon or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)) that is produced by cells infected with influenza.  Unlike rhinovirus that causes colds (common cold / cold), influenza cause tissue damage, so symptoms that occur are not entirely caused by the inflammatory response.  The immune response is large this can lead to "cytokine storm" which can be life threatening. This incident allegedly the cause of unusual mortality in both the H5N1 bird flu,  and the 1918 pandemic strain. However, another possibility is a large number of cytokines produced only a result of viral replication is very large caused by these strains, and the immune response does not contribute to the disease.

Prevention

Vaccination

Vaccination against influenza with influenza vaccine is often recommended in high risk groups, such as children and the elderly, or in patients with asthma, diabetes, heart disease, or people who have immune disorders. The influenza vaccine can be produced in several ways: the most common ways is by growing the virus in fertilized chicken eggs. Once purified, the virus will then be activated (eg, with detergent) to produce an inactivated virus vaccine. Alternatively, the virus can be grown in eggs until loss of virulence virus avirulen then given as a live vaccine. The effectiveness of influenza vaccines varies. Because the viral mutation rate is very high, given the influenza vaccine usually provides protection for no more than a few days. Each year, the WHO predicts that virus strains which are most likely to circulate in the next year, allowing pharmaceutical companies to develop vaccines that will provide the best immunity against these strains.  The vaccine has also been developed to protect poultry from bird flu. This vaccine can be effective against some strains and used both as a preventive strategy, or combined with culling (breeding) in an effort to wipe out the plague.

There are likely to get influenza despite being vaccinated. The vaccine will be reformulated each season for specific strains of flu but can not cover all strains actively infecting people in the entire season. It takes six months for manufacturers to formulate and produce millions of doses needed to deal with seasonal epidemics; sometimes, a new strain or strains that are not thought to stand at a particular time and infect people even though they have been vaccinated (as happened in Fujian Flu H3N2 flu season 2003-2004).  There is also a possibility of getting an infection before vaccination and became sick by the strain that should be prevented by vaccination, because the vaccine takes two weeks before it becomes effective.

In the 2006-2007 season, the first time the CDC recommends that children aged less than 59 months to receive an annual influenza vaccine. Vaccines can cause the immune system to react when the body receives the actual infection, and symptoms of generalized infection (a lot of colds and flu symptoms are just general infection symptoms) can appear, even though the symptoms are usually not as heavy or lasts for influenza. The most dangerous side effects are severe allergic reaction to either the viral material and residue from chicken egg used to grow the influenza virus; but the reaction is very rare.

In addition to vaccination against seasonal influenza, researchers sought to develop a vaccine against pandemic influenza. The development, production, and distribution of pandemic vaccines that can quickly influenza save the lives of millions of people in the event of a pandemic influenza. Because there is only a short time between the identification of pandemic strains and vaccination requirements, researchers are looking for options other than modes of production of vaccines through the egg. An inactivated live vaccine technologies (egg-based or cell-based), and recombinant technologies (proteins and virus-like particles), will provide real time access to better and can be produced with a more affordable, thereby increasing access for people who live in the country -medium and low income countries, where the likelihood of a pandemic comes. Until July 2009, more than 70 clinical trials that are known to have been implemented or are being implemented regarding pandemic influenza vaccine. In September 2009, the United States Food and Drug Agency approved the four vaccine against the H1N1 2009 influenza virus (pandemic strain at the time), and asked stocks of vaccine are available in the next month.

Infection control

Effective way to reduce influenza transmission among them is the personal hygiene and good hygienic habits: such as not touching the eyes, nose and mouth;  frequent hand washing (with water and soap, or with alcohol-based wash liquid);  shut your mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, avoid close contact with sick people, and remain at home while being sick. No spitting is also recommended. Although the face mask can help prevent transmission when caring for a sick person  there is conflicting evidence regarding the benefits of this on society.  Smoking increases the risk of transmission of influenza, and also cause more severe disease symptoms.

Since influenza spreads through aerosols and contact with contaminated surfaces, surface cleaning can help prevent some of the infection.  Alcohol is a sanitary materials that are effective against influenza viruses, while quaternary ammonium compounds can be used in conjunction with sanitation so that the effects of alcohol may persist longer.  At the hospital, quaternary ammonium compounds and bleach used to clean the room and equipment previously used by patients with symptoms of influenza.  At home, it can be done effectively by using a diluted chlorine bleach.

In the last pandemic, closure of schools, churches, and theaters to slow the spread of the virus but do not have a major impact on overall mortality.  Not to be ascertained whether the decrease of public meetings, for example by closing schools and workplaces, would reduce transmission because the people who suffer from influenza could still move from one place to another; such an approach will also be difficult to do and may not be preferable. If a small number of people develop an infection, isolating people who are sick can reduce the risk of transmission .

Treatment

People suffering from the flu are advised to get plenty of rest, drink plenty of fluids, avoiding alcohol and tobacco use, and where necessary, taking medications such as acetaminophen (paracetamol) to relieve symptoms of fever and muscle aches associated with flu.  Children and teenagers with flu symptoms (particularly fever) should avoid use of aspirin during influenza infection (especially influenza type B), because it can cause Reye's Syndrome, a rare liver disease but has a potential cause of death.  Since influenza is caused by a virus, antibiotics have no effect on infection; unless given for secondary infections like bacterial pneumonia. Antiviral treatment can be effective, but some strains can influenza showed resistance to the standard antiviral drugs.

Two classes of antiviral drugs used against influenza is a neuraminidase inhibitor and M2 protein inhibitors (adamantane derivatives). Neuraminidase inhibitors is currently preferred to viral infections because less toxic and more effective. The CDC recommends not to use the M2 inhibitors on the influenza season 2005-06 as height levels of drug resistance.  Because women seem to be affected hamila more large compared with the general population by the 2009 H1N1 influenza virus, immediate treatment with anti-influenza drugs has been recommended. At a Press Conference November 2009 influenza H1N1, WHO recommends that people at high risk groups, including pregnant women, children aged less than two years old and people with respiratory problems, in order to begin taking antiviral medications as soon as they are experiencing symptoms of flu.  antivirus Drugs used include oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and zanamivir (Relenza).

Prognosis

Effect of influenza is much more severe and last longer than a cold. Most people will recover on its own within one to two weeks, but others will experience life-threatening complications (like pneumonia). Influenza can be deadly, especially in people who are weak, young and old, or have a chronic illness. People with weak immune systems, such as people with advanced HIV infection or transplant recipient patients (whose immune systems suppressed with drugs to prevent rejection of organ transplants), suffered more severe disease. other high risk groups are pregnant women and small children.

Influenza can worsen chronic health problems. People with emphysema, chronic bronchitis or asthma can have trouble breathing when they have flu, and influenza can lead to worsening of coronary heart disease or congestive failure hanging.  Smoking is another risk factor associated with more severe disease and mortality higher caused by influenza.

According to WHO: "Every winter, tens of millions of people exposed to flu. Most just sick and does not work for one week, while the elderly have a higher risk of death from this disease. We know that the victim died worldwide exceed hundreds of thousands of people each year, but even in developed countries, this amount can not be ascertained, because the medical authorities do not usually verify who died from influenza and people who died with flu-like-illness .  Even healthy people can be affected, and serious problems posed by influenza can occur at any age. People aged over 50 years old, very young children, and people of all ages with chronic medical conditions are more likely to get complications from influenza, such as pneumonia, bronchitis, sinus and ear infections.

In some cases, autoimmune responses against influenza may contribute to Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). However, because many other infections that may increase the risk of this disease, influenza is a cause that is important only in the event of an epidemic.  This syndrome has been trusted as well as a rare side effect of influenza vaccine. Although one study reports give incidence of one case per one million vaccinations,  a large study in China, reported in NEJM, which covers nearly 100 million doses of vaccine against influenza "flu" H1N1 in 2009 found only eleven cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome, (0.1%) of the total incidence in people who are vaccinated, they are more low of disease incidence rates in China, and there are no side effects were found; "risk-benefit ratio, which is commonly applied to vaccines and everything in medical treatment, very much skewed to the use of vaccines. " Getting the influenza infection itself increases the risk of death (up to 1 in 10,000) and increase the risk of GBS to levels higher than those posed by the use of vaccine (approximately 10 times the use of current estimates this).

Research

Research on influenza includes research in molecular virology, how viruses cause disease (pathogenesis), the host immune response, viral genome, and how the virus spread (epidemiology). This research helps the development of measures to ward off influenza; for example, a better understanding of the body's immune system response vaccine help development, and a detailed description of how influenza attack the cells to help the development of antiviral drugs. One of the basic research program of the most important is the Influenza Genome Sequencing Project (Project determination of influenza genome sequence), which created a library (a collection list) sequences (genes) influenza; this library can help determine which factors make one strain more lethal than the strains that another, which genes are most affecting the immunogenicity, and how the virus evolved over time.

The new vaccine research is very important, because currently available vaccines in very slow and expensive to produce and must be reformulated each year. Determination of the sequence (sequencing) of the influenza genome and recombinant DNA technology can accelerate the discovery of new vaccine strains by allowing researchers to replace a new antigen in the vaccine strains that have been developed previously.  The new technology is also being developed to grow the virus in cell culture, which promises a higher production rate, lower costs, better quality and better surge capacity.  Research on A universal influenza vaccine, which aimed at the external domain of the transmembrane viral M2 protein (M2e), being implemented by the University of Ghent by Walter Fiers, Xavier Saelens, and his group  and now has successfully passed phase 1 clinical trials.

A number of biologic, vaccine and therapeutic imunobiologic also being studied for treating infections caused by viruses. Biology therapeutic designed to activate an immune response against the virus or antigen. Biologic usually do not target metabolic pathways such as antiviral drugs, but to stimulate immune cells such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and / or antigen presenting cells to provide an immune response against the cytotoxic effects against the virus. Model of influenza, such as influenza mice (murine influenza) is a good model to be used to test the effects of prophylactic and therapeutic biologic. Examples lymphocyte T-Cell Immune Modulator inhibits influenza virus growth in murine models.

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Vaccine and Ebola Virus

Vaccine and Ebola Virus 

Vaccine

Vaccine (from vaccinia, which causes cowpox infection when administered to humans, will cause the influence of immunity to smallpox), the antigenic material used to produce active immunity against a disease that can prevent or reduce the effect of infection by organisms of natural or "wild" .

Vaccines can be either viral or bacterial strains that have been weakened so as not to cause disease. Vaccines can also be a dead organism or the results of purification (proteins, peptides, particles similar to viruses, etc..). The vaccine will prepare human or animal's immune system to defend against attack specific pathogens, especially bacteria, viruses, or toxins. The vaccine can also help the immune system to fight degenerative cells (cancer).

Growing immunity

The immune system recognizes the vaccine as an agent of a foreign particle, destroying it, and "remember" it. When at a later date virulent agents that infect the body, the immune system have been prepared:

1. Neutralize the material before it can enter cells, and

2. Recognize and destroy cells that have been infected before this agent can reproduce.

Attenuated vaccine used against tuberculosis, rabies, and smallpox; agent who died used to overcome cholera and typhoid; used against diphtheria toxoid and tetanus.

Although the vaccine so far no virulent agents as "real", can cause adverse side effects, and should be reinforced with a booster shot every few years. One way to overcome this is by DNA vaccination. DNA that encode a part of the virus or bacteria that can be recognized by the immune system is introduced and expressed in human cells / animal. These cells then produce toxoid infection agent, with no other harmful effects. In 2003, DNA vaccination is still in trial, but shows promising results.

Eradication of Disease

Various diseases like polio have been controlled in developed countries through the use of vaccines in bulk (in fact, smallpox has been successfully eradicated, whereas rubella was reported to have perished from the U.S.).

Throughout the majority of people have been immunized, infectious disease outbreaks will be difficult. The effect is called herd immunity. Some people, especially who practice alternative medicine, refusing to immunize themselves or their families, based on the belief that their adverse side effects of vaccines. Proponents of routine vaccination responded by saying that the side effects of vaccines have been licensed, if any, is much smaller compared with illness caused by infection, or very rarely, and assume that the matter of profit / loss should be based on the benefits to humanity as a whole, not just personal gain immunized. The main risk of rubella, for example, is to fetuses of pregnant women, but this risk can be effectively reduced by the immunization of children that are not transmitted to a pregnant woman.

Ebola

Ebola is a virus of the genus Ebolavirus, families Filoviridae, and also the name of a disease caused by a virus. The symptoms include vomiting, diarrhea, body ache, bleeding inside and out, and fever. The mortality rate ranges between 80% to 100%. Originally he is from the Ebola River in Congo.

Ebola disease can be transmitted through direct contact with body fluids or skin. The incubation period of 2 to 21 days, generally between 5 to 10 days. We have been developed for the Ebola vaccine is 100% effective in monkeys, but a vaccine for humans has not been found.

So far, Ebola is the most deadly disease worldwide. Chance to live if infected with this disease is still 0% alias is not possible, and still sought after vaccine. Patients usually die in a cycle of six straight days to 20 days, the alias is very fast. Now we can say that Ebola is the most avoidable disease to infected worldwide.

 

 

 

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Virus, Infection : Preventing and Treatment

Virus, Infection : Preventing and Treatment

A virus is a microscopic parasite that infects cells of biological organisms. Viruses are obligate parasites, it is because the virus can only reproduce in living material to invade and take advantage of living cells because the virus does not have the cellular equipment to reproduce itself. Usually contain small amounts of viral nucleic acid (DNA or RNA, but not a combination of both) are shrouded in a kind of protective material consisting of proteins, lipids, glycoproteins, or a combination of all three. Virus genome will be expressed both proteins are used to contain genetic material or proteins required in the life cycle.

The term virus usually refers to particles that infect cells of eukaryotes (multicellular organisms and many types of single cell organisms), while the term bakteriofage or phage used for this type of attack the cell types of prokaryotes (bacteria and other organisms that are not nucleated cells) .

Viruses often debated status as living beings because he is unable to perform its biological function independently if not in the host cell. Because of its distinctive characteristics of these viruses are always associated with specific diseases, both in humans (eg influenza virus and HIV), animals (eg bird flu virus), or plants (eg tobacco mosaic virus / TMV).

History of Discovery

* The virus has infected since the days before BC, it is proved by the discoveries of several reports of viral infections in the hieroglyphics in Memphis, the capital of ancient Egypt (1400SM) showing Adana poliomyelitis disease, in addition, King Pharaoh Ramses V died in 1196 years BC and is believed died of smallpox virus.

* In the BC era, a fairly well-known viruses endemic smallpox is a virus that attacks the people of China in the year 1000. But in the year 1798, Edward Jenner discovered that some of the dairy farmer has immunity against pox viruses. This is presumably because Pox Virus found in cattle, protecting humans from Pox. The findings are understandable and is a pioneer the use of vaccines.

* In 1880, Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch put forward a "germ theory" is that a disease-causing microorganisms. At that time also famous Koch's postulates are very popular so far are:

1. Disease agent must be present in every case of disease

2. Agent must be isolated from the host and can be grown in vitro

3. When the culture was inoculated into the agent muri healthy susceptible host cells it can cause illness

4. The same agent can be taken and re-isolated from the infected host is

* Research on the virus began with research on mosaic disease of tobacco plants inhibits growth and make the leaves of these plants have spots. In 1883, Adolf Mayer, a German scientist, discovered that the disease can be transmitted when the plant became ill after he was thoroughly sprayed with the sap of diseased plants. Unable to find microbes in the plant sap, Mayer concluded that the disease is caused by bacteria that are smaller than normal and can not be seen with a microscope.

* In 1892, Dimitri Ivanowsky from Russia found that the sap of tobacco leaves that have been filtered by the filter bacteria can still cause mosaic disease. Ivanowsky then deduce two possibilities, namely that the shape of the bacteria causing the disease is so small that can still pass through the filter, or the bacteria release toxins that can pass through the sieve. The second possibility was discarded in 1897 after the Dutch Martinus Beijerinck found that infectious agents in the resin that has been filtered is able to reproduce because of its ability to cause disease did not diminish after several times transferred between plants. pathogen tobacco mosaic summed up as not bacteria, but is contagium vivum fluidum, which is a kind of living disease-carrying fluid.

* After that, in 1898, Loeffler and Frosch reported that the cause of bovine foot and mouth disease can pass through a filter that can not be bypassed bacteria. Nevertheless, they concluded that the pathogen is a bacteria that is very small.

* Opinions new Beijerinck proved in 1935, after Wendell Meredith Stanley of the United States managed to crystallize the particles causes mosaic disease now known as tobacco mosaic virus.  The virus is also a virus which was first visualized by electron microscopy in 1939 by scientists German GA Kausche, E. Pfankuch, and H. Ruska.

* In 1911, Peyton Rous discovered the healthy if the chicken induced by tumor cells from sick chickens, then on a healthy chicken will also be affected by cancer.  In addition, also tried melisis Rous tumor cells from sick chickens and then filter sari-sari with pores that can not be traversed by the bacteria, then the juices are injected in chicken cells are healthy and apparently it can also cause cancer.  concluded that cancers caused by Rous virus cells in the tumor cells of chicken illness that infects cells of healthy chickens. The discovery is the first discovery of an oncogenic virus, the virus that can cause tumors. Virus found by Rous Rous Sarcoma Virus called (RSV).

* In 1933, Shope papilloma virus, or cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) were found by Dr. Richard E Shope is the first human cancer models yag caused by a virus.  Dr. Shope has been experimenting with taking the filtrate from tumors in animals and then injected on a healthy domestic rabbits, and it arises the tumors in rabbits.

* Wendell Stanley was the first to successfully crystallize the virus in 1935.  The virus is a crystallized Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV).  Stanley suggests that the virus can remain active even after crystallization.

* Martha Chase and Alfred Hershey in 1952 managed to find bakteriofage.  Bakterofage is a virus that has a host of bacteria that can only replicate inside bacterial cells.

Structure and Anatomy of the Virus

Viruses are organisms that subcellular because its size is very small, only visible using electron microscopy. Its size is smaller than bacteria, so the virus can not be filtered by filter bacteria. Virus The smallest diameter of only 20 nm (smaller than a ribosome), whereas even the largest of the virus hard to see with light microscope.

Viral genome can be either DNA or RNA.  The genome of a virus may consist of double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, double-stranded RNA, or single-stranded RNA.  In addition, the viral genome nucleic acid can form a single linear or circular.  The number of viral genes varies from four for the smallest up to several hundred for the largest.  most of the viral genetic material of animals and humans in the form of DNA, and in most plant viruses is a single-stranded RNA.

Viral genetic material enclosed by a protective layer. The protein is a protective layer called a capsid.  Depending on the type of virus, the capsid can be round (spherical), helical, polihedral, or form a more complex and consists of proteins encoded by the genome of the virus. capsid is made up of many protein subunits called capsomeres.

For helical viruses, the capsid protein (usually called the nucleocapsid protein) bound directly to the viral genome.  For example, the measles virus, nucleocapsid protein each connected with six bases along the RNA to form a helix of about 1.3 micrometers.  The composition of the complex proteins and nucleic acids is called the nucleocapsid.  In measles virus, nucleocapsid is enveloped by a lipid layer obtained from the host cell, and the glycoprotein encoded by the viral lipid envelope is attached. These passages function in binding to and entry into host cells early in infection.

Spherical virus capsid surrounds the virus genome as a whole and not too bind to the viral nucleic acid such as helices.  This structure can vary from size of 20 nanometers to 400 nanometers and consist of viral proteins arranged in the form of icosahedral symmetry.  The amount of protein required to form a spherical virus capsid is determined by the coefficient T, which is about 60t of protein.  For example, hepatitis B virus has a number T = 4, need 240 to form a capsid protein.  As the form of a helical virus, the capsid part types spherical enveloped viruses can be lipid layer, but usually the capsid protein itself directly involved in cell infection.

Some types of viruses have an additional element that helped infect inang.Virus in animals have viral envelope, the membrane surrounding the capsid.  The sheath contains phospholipids and proteins from the host cell, but also contains proteins and glycoproteins derived from viruses.  In addition to the protein envelope and capsid protein, the virus also carries several enzyme molecules in the capsid. There are also several types of bacteriophage tail protein that has attached to "head" of the capsid. Tail fibers are used by the phage to attach to a bacterium.  a complete virus particle is called a virion. Virion gene serves as a means of transportation, while the envelope and capsid components in the mechanism responsible infection host cells.

Various kinds of viral infections

The virus can infect its host and cause a variety due to its host.  there is a danger, but also there that can be handled by the immune cells in the body so that the result produced is not too large.

1. Acute Infection

Acute infections are infections that take place within a period of fast but can also be fatal. As a result of acute infection are:

* Recover without damage (Heal total)

* Heal the damage / defect, for example: polio

* Continues to chronic infection

* Death

2. Chronic infection

Chronic infection is a prolonged viral infection, so there is a risk of disease symptoms reappear.  Examples of chronic infection are:

* Silent lifelong subclinical infection, eg cytomegalovirus (CMV)

* Long silent period before the emergence of diseases, eg HIV

* Reactivation of which cause acute infections, eg shingles

* Chronic recurrent disease (relapse), eg HBV, HCV

* Cancer example: HTLV-1, HPV, HBV, HCV, HHV. 

Viral Replication

Viral replication consists of several stages of virus attachment, penetration, release coat, genome replication and gene expression, assembly, maturation, and release.

Virus Attachment

Virus attachment is a process of initial interactions between virus particles with receptor molecules on the surface of host cells.  At this stage, specific binding occurs between the antireseptor cellular receptor molecules on the virus.  Some types of viruses require other molecules for the attachment of co-receptors .

Molecules that target receptors on the cell surface can be shaped proteins (usually glycoproteins) or carbohydrate residues found on glycoproteins or glycolipids.

Some complex viruses such as poxviruses and herpesviruses have more than one receptor so as to have multiple routes to bind to the cell.

Virus receptor has several different classes:

* Molecules immunoglobulin-like superfamily

* Associated membrane receptors

* Channels and transmembrane transporters

Some examples of virus and its receptor are owned by:

* Human Rhinovirus (HRV)

Human Rhinovirus have receptors ICAM-1 (Intracelluler adhesion molecule-1).  This molecule is an adhesion molecule that is normally functions to bind cells to the substrate.  the structure of ICAM-1 is similar to the immunoglobulin molecule with the domain C and V so that supefamily classified as immunoglobulin proteins

The structure of ICAM-1 has five Ig-like domains to bind to LFA-1 (Leukocite function antigen-1), Mac-1 (Macrofage antigen-1), Rhinovirus (HRV), fibrinogen, and PFIE (malaria infected erythocytes).

10 serotypes of HRV using the ICAM-1 as a receptor, ten other serotypes using protein related by LDL receptors.

* Poliovirus

has the form of the virus receptors are integral membrane proteins are also members of the immunoglobulin superfamily molecules. This receptor has three domains: one form of variable and two constant.

* The influenza virus

This virus has two types of spike glycoproteins on the surface of virus particles is hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase.  HA binds to receptors in the form of the influenza virus sialat acid (N-acetyl neuraminic acid).

This virus binds to the negative charge of the existing sialat acid moieties on oligosaccharide chains covalently bind to glycoproteins on the cell surface.

sialat acid in the presence of almost all types of influenza viruses can cause cells bind to many cell types.

Penetration

Penetration occurs in a very short time after the virus attachment to receptors on the cell membrane. This process requires energy Three mechanisms are involved:

* Translocation of viral particles

Translocation process is relatively rare among viruses and the mechanisms are fully understood correctly belom, possibly mediated by proteins in the virus capsid and specific membrane receptors

* Endocytosis virus into intracellular vacuoles

endocytosis process is a very common mechanism for virus entry into cells.  Not required except specific viral proteins that have been used for receptor binding.

* Fusion of the envelope with the cell membrane (for viruses that berenvelope)

Berenvelop viral fusion process with the cell membrane either directly or with the cell surface or following endocytosis in the cytoplasm.  requires the existence of specific fusion proteins in the envelop viruses, eg influenza HA and the transmembrane glycoprotein (TM) Rhinovirus.

The Release Coat

This stage occurs after viral capsid penetration process in which either wholly or partially transferred into the host cell cytoplasm.  At this stage of the viral genome is exposed in the form of nucleoprotein complexes.  In some cases, this stage was quite modest and occur during the fusion the viral membrane with the plasma membrane.  for other viruses, this stage is a multistep process that involves endocytosis pathway and the nuclear membrane.

Genome Replication and Gene Expression

Strategy replication of several viruses depend on the natural genetic material of the virus. In this case, the virus is divided into 7 groups as the grouping of [[David Baltimore].  The process of gene expression will determine all the processes of virus infection (acute, chronic , persistent, or latent).

* Class I: DNA Double Thread

The group was divided into two groups:

1. Replication occurs in the nucleus and are relatively dependent on cellular factors (Adenoviridae, Polyomaviridae, Herpesviridae)

2. Replication occurs in the cytoplasm (Poxviridae). viruses involves all the factors that are important for transcription and replication of the genome, and most do not depend on the replication of its host

* Class II: DNA Single Thread

Replication occurs in the nucleus, involving multiple pieces of intermediate forms as templates for the synthesis of single pieces of DNA derivatives (Parvoviridae)

* Class III: RNA Doubles Thread

The virus has a segmented genome. each segment separately transcribed to produce mRNA monosistronik individual. example: Reoviridae

* Class IV: Single Thread RNA (+)

Viruses with a polycistronic mRNA in which this class of genomic RNA to form mRNA is translated to form a polyprotein which is broken down to form a mature protein. Example: Picornaviridae

* Class V: Single Thread RNA (-)

Genome in this class is divided into two types:

1. Genome is not segmented (Rhabdoviridae), the first step in replication is transcription of the RNA genome Thread (-) by the virion RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to produce mRNA monosistronik well as templates for genome replication.

2. Segmented genome (Orthomixoviridae), replication occurs in the nucleus where monosistronik mRNA for each gene the virus produced by virus transcriptase.

* Class VI: Single Thread RNA (+) with DNA Intermediate

Single thread Retrovirus RNA genome (+) are diploid and not used directly as mRNA, but as a template for reverse transcriptase into DNA.

* Class VII: Multiple threads of DNA with RNA Intermediate

Viruses of this group depend on reverse transcriptase, but in contrast to retroviruses, the process occurs in the virus particles during maturation (Hepadnaviridae).

Assembling

Assembly is the process of gathering the components of the virion in a special section in the cell.  During this process, the formation of the structure of viral particles.  This process is dependent on the replication process within the cell and the places where viruses escape from cells.  the mechanism of assembly varies for different viruses. Example: the assembly process picornavirus, poxvirus, and Reovirus occurs in the cytoplasm, while assembly process Adenovirus, poliovirus, and parvovirus occur in the nucleus.

Maturation

Maturation is the stage of viral life cycle where the virus is infectious.  at this stage there is a change in the structure of viral particles produced by the breakdown of the possibility of specific capsid protein to produce a mature product.  viral proteases and other cellular enzymes normally involved in this process.

Release

All plant viruses unless the virus escape from host cells through a mechanism he:

* For lytic virus (all non-envelope viruses), the release is a simple process, where the open-infected cells and viruses out.

* For enveloped viruses, lipid membranes are needed when a virus out of cells through the membrane, a process known as budding.

The process of release of viral particles might damage the cells (paramyxovirus, Rhabdovirus, and Togavirus), and likely some will not damage the cells (Retroviruses).

Classification of viruses

Viruses can be classified according to morphology, tropism and dissemination, and functional genomics.

* The classification of viruses based on morphology

Based on morphology, divided by type of viral nucleic acid and outer membrane proteins (envelope) into 4 groups, namely:

1. Virus DNA

2. RNA Viruses

3. Enveloped viruses

4. Non-envelope viruses

* Classification based on virus tropism and spread of

Based on the tropism and the way the spread, the virus is divided into:

1. Enteric Viruses

2. Respiratory Virus

3. Arbovirus

4. Oncogenic virus

5. Hepatitis virus

* The classification of viruses based on functional genomics

Viruses in the classification into 7 groups based on the flow of genome function. This classification is also called the Baltimore classification as follows:

1. Virus Type I = DNA Double Thread

2. Virus Type II = DNA Single Thread

3. Virus Type III = RNA Doubles Thread

4. Type IV = RNA viruses Single Thread (+)

5. RNA Virus Type V = Single Thread (-)

6. RNA Virus Type VI = Single Thread (+) with a DNA intermediate

7. Virus Type VII = Multiple threads of DNA with RNA intermediate

The role of viruses in the Life

Some viruses exist that can be used in recombination genetics.  Through gene therapy, gene evil (the cause of infection) found in the virus transformed into either gene (healer).  More recently David Sanders, a professor of biology at Purdue's School of Science have discovered how to use the virus in the health world.  In finding published in the Journal of Virology, December 15, 2002 Edition, David Sanders managed to tame the outer shell of the Ebola virus so that it can be used as carriers of genes to diseased cells (lung ). However, most viruses are harmful to human life, animals, and plants.

The virus is known to cause infectious disease in humans, animals, and plants. So far there are no living beings that are resistant to the virus. Any virus specifically to attack certain cells of its host. Viruses that cause flu attacks the respiratory tract, measles virus infects the skin, hepatitis virus infects the liver, and rabies virus attacks the nerve cells. The same thing occurs in the disease AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome), which is a disease that resulted in a decreased immune disease is caused by the HIV virus that specifically attacks the white blood cells.  The following table sets out some kind of disease caused by the virus.

Besides humans, the virus also causes suffering to animals and plants.  Not a few others who suffered losses due to cattle ranchers or farmers who are sick or who reduced their yields.

Animal diseases caused by viruses

Newcastle disease, the type of disease affecting the poultry, especially chickens. The reason is the new castle disease virus (NCDV).  hoof and mouth disease, the type of disease affecting cattle and buffalo.  The disease of cancer in chickens by Rous sarcoma virus (RSV).  The disease rabies, ie type of disease affecting dogs, cats, and monkeys, caused by rabies virus.

Plant diseases caused by viruses

Mosaic disease, ie type of disease that attacks tobacco plants.  The cause is tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) tungro disease, ie type of disease that attacks rice plants. The cause is a virus Tungro. Disease vessel degeneration in an orange filter . The cause is a virus Citrus vein phloem degeneration (CVPD).

Human diseases caused by viruses

The most common examples of diseases caused by viruses are colds (which could have been caused by one or several viruses at once), smallpox, AIDS (caused by the HIV virus), herpes and fever (caused by herpes simplex virus). neck cancer the uterus is also thought to be caused partly by papillomavirus (which causes papillomas, or warts), which shows examples of cases in humans that showed an association between cancer and agents infektan.  Also there is some controversy over whether Borna virus, previously suspected as the cause neurological disease in horses, is also responsible for psychiatric diseases in humans.

The potential of the virus to cause outbreaks in humans raises concerns the use of viruses as biological weapons. Suspicions increased with the discovery of a way of creation of new virus variants in the laboratory.

Concerns also occurred against the spread of the virus re-type smallpox, which has caused the biggest epidemic in human history, and able to cause the extinction of a nation.  Some Indian tribes have become extinct due to epidemics, particularly smallpox, brought by European colonists.  While undoubtedly true in the exact number, it is believed the death had occurred in large numbers.  This disease has indirectly helped the dominance of Europeans in the new world of America.

Which is considered one of the most dangerous viruses are filovirus.  The group consists of filovirus Marburg, first discovered in 1967 in Marburg, Germany, and ebola.  filovirus is a long-shaped viruses such as worms, which look like large amounts of plate mi. In April 2005, the Marburg virus attracted press attention with the spread in Angola. From October 2004 to 2005, this incident became the worst epidemic in human life.

Diagnosis in the laboratory

Detection, isolation, until the analysis of a virus is usually through a difficult and expensive process. Therefore, the study of viral diseases requires large and expensive facilities, as well as expensive equipment and experts from various fields, such as technicians, molecular biologists , and virus expert. Usually this process is carried out by a state agency or done in cooperation with other nations through world institutions like the World Health Organization (WHO).

Prevention and Treatment

Because usually manipulate the mechanisms of stem cells to reproduce, the virus is very difficult to kill. The method of treatment that is considered by far the most effective is the vaccine, to stimulate the body's natural immunity against the infection process, and drugs that treat symptoms caused by viral infection.

Cure diseases caused by virus infection is usually misconstrued anticipated with the use of antibiotics, which does not have an influence on the life of the virus.  The side effects of antibiotic use is the resistance of bacteria to antibiotics. For this reason further investigation is needed to determine whether a disease caused by bacteria or viruses. 

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