Own virus called Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV or abbreviated) is the virus that weakens the immunity in the human body. People affected by this virus will be susceptible to opportunistic infection or susceptible to tumors. Although there has been handling can slow the rate of progression of the virus, but this disease can not really be cured.
HIV and similar viruses are generally transmitted through direct contact between the layers of the skin (mucous membrane) or the bloodstream with a bodily fluid containing HIV, such as blood, semen, vaginal fluid, preseminal, and breast milk. Transmission can occur through sexual intercourse (vaginal, anal or oral), blood transfusion, contaminated hypodermic needles, between mother and baby during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding, as well as other forms of contact with body fluids.
Scientists generally believe that AIDS originated from Sub-Saharan Africa. Now that AIDS has become a plague. AIDS has infected an estimated 38.6 million people around the world. In January 2006, UNAIDS in collaboration with the WHO estimate that AIDS has caused the death of more than 25 million people since it was first recognized on June 5, 1981. Thus, this disease is one of the deadliest plague in history. AIDS claimed to have caused death as much as 2.4 to 3.3 million in 2005 alone, and more than 570,000 people of whom were children. One third of these deaths occur in Sub-Saharan Africa, thus slowing the growth economy and destroy the power of human resources there. Antiretroviral treatment can actually reduce the death rate and severity of HIV infection, but access to treatment is not available in all countries.
Social punishment for people with HIV / AIDS, is generally more severe when compared with patients with other deadly diseases. Sometimes the social punishment is also inflicted to health workers or volunteers, are involved in caring for people living with HIV / AIDS (PLWHA).
Symptoms and complications
The various symptoms of AIDS usually will not occur in people who have good immune system. Most conditions are caused by infection by bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites, which are usually controlled by elements of the immune system that HIV damages. Common opportunistic infection found in AIDS patients. HIV affects nearly every organ system. AIDS patients are also at greater risk of suffering from cancers such as Kaposi's sarcoma, cervical cancer, and immune system cancers known as lymphomas.
AIDS patients usually have symptoms of systemic infection, such as fever, sweating (especially at night), swollen glands, chills, weakness, and weight loss. Certain opportunistic infections suffered by AIDS patients, also depending on the level frequency of these infections in the geographic area where the patient lives.
Primary lung disease
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) are rarely found in healthy people who have a good body immunity, but generally found in people infected with HIV.
The cause of this disease is a fungal Pneumocystis jirovecii. Before the diagnosis, treatment, and preventive measures are effective routine in Western countries, it was a common immediate cause of death. In developing countries, this disease is still the first indications of AIDS in people who have not been tested, although the indications are not generally occur unless the CD4 count is less than 200 per mL.
Tuberculosis (TB) is a unique infection among other infections associated with HIV, because it can be transmitted to the healthy (immunocompetent) via the respiratory route (respiration). He can be easily treated if identified, may appear at an early stage of HIV, and can be prevented through medication therapy. Nevertheless, tuberculosis resistance to various drugs is a potential problem in this disease.
Despite the emergence of this disease in Western countries has been reduced due to the use of direct observation and therapy with other recent methods, but it was not the case that occurred in developing countries where HIV is most commonly found. In the early stages of HIV infection (CD4 count> 300 cells per mL), tuberculosis emerged as a disease of the lungs. At an advanced stage of HIV infection, it often appears as a systemic disease affecting other parts of the body (extrapulmonary tuberculosis). The symptoms are usually non-specific (constitutional) and is not restricted to one place. TBC that accompanies HIV infection often attacks the bone marrow, bone, urinary and digestive tract, liver, lymph nodes (regional lymph nodes), and central nervous system . Thus, symptoms may be more related to the emergence of extrapulmonary disease.
The main digestive tract diseases
Esophagitis is an inflammation of the gullet (esophagus), the path of food from the mouth to the stomach. In individuals infected with HIV, this disease occurs due to fungal infection (fungal candidiasis) or viral (herpes simplex-1 or cytomegalovirus). He also can be caused by mycobacteria, although rare cases [13].
Chronic diarrhea that can not be described in HIV infection may occur due to various causes, including bacterial and parasitic infections are common (such as Salmonella, Shigella, Listeria, Campylobacter, and Escherichia coli), as well as unusual opportunistic infections and viruses (such as cryptosporidiosis, microsporidiosis, Mycobacterium avium complex, and cytomegalovirus (CMV), which is a cause of colitis).
In some cases, diarrhea occurred as a side effect of medications used to treat HIV, or side effects of primary infection (primary) from HIV itself. In addition, diarrhea can also be a side effect of antibiotics used to treat bacterial diarrhea (eg Clostridium difficile). In the later stages of HIV infection, diarrhea is an indication of expected changes to the way the digestive tract absorbs nutrients, and may be an important component in the exhaust system associated with HIV.
Neurological disease and major psychiatric
HIV infection can cause a range of behavioral disorders due to neurological disorders (neuropsychiatric sequelae), which is caused by infection with organisms of the nervous system that have become vulnerable, or as a direct result of the disease itself.
Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by a single-celled parasites, called Toxoplasma gondii. This parasite usually infects the brain and causes acute encephalitis (Toxoplasma encephalitis), but it can also infect and cause disease in the eyes and lungs. Cryptococcal meningitis is an infection of the meninges (membranes covering the brain and spinal cord) by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. It can cause fever, headache, fatigue, nausea, and vomiting. Patients also may experience convulsions and confusion, which if untreated can be deadly.
Leukoensefalopati is progressive multifocal demyelinating disease, which is a disease that destroys nerve sheath (myelin) that covers nerve cell fibers (axons), thus damaging the delivery of nerve impulses. It is caused by the JC virus, which contained 70% of the population in the human body in a latent condition, and cause disease only when the immune system is weakened, as occurs in AIDS patients. The disease is growing rapidly (progressive) and spread (multilokal), so that usually causes death within a month after diagnosis.
AIDS dementia complex is a disease of mental decline (dementia) that occur because of decreased brain cell metabolism (metabolic encephalopathy) caused by HIV infection, and driven also by the occurrence of immune activation by macrophages and microglia in the brain that become infected with HIV, so that secrete neurotoxins. Damage to the nerve specific, abnormalities appear in the form of cognitive, behavioral, and motor, which appeared many years after HIV infection occurs. This is related to the low state of CD4 + T cell counts and high viral loads in blood plasma. Figures occurrence (prevalence) in Western countries is around 10-20%, but in India only occurs in 1-2% of people with HIV infection. This difference may occur because of different HIV subtypes in India.
Cancer and malignant tumors (malignant)
Patients with HIV infection basically have a higher risk of occurrence of some cancers. This is due to infection by DNA viruses cause genetic mutations, ie, particularly Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV), and human papilloma virus (HPV).
Kaposi's sarcoma is the most common tumor in HIV-infected patients. The appearance of this tumor in young homosexual in 1981 is one of the first outbreak of AIDS. The disease is caused by viruses of the subfamily gammaherpesvirinae, the human herpes virus-8 is also called Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV). This disease often appears in the skin in the form of purplish spots, but can attack other organs, especially the mouth, digestive tract, and lungs.
Lymphatic cancer a high level (B-cell lymphoma) is a cancer that attacks white blood cells and collects in the lymph nodes, such as Burkitt's lymphoma (Burkitt's lymphoma) or the like (Burkitt's-like lymphoma), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) , and primary central nervous system lymphoma, appears more frequently in patients infected with HIV. This cancer is often an approximate condition (prognosis) is bad. In some cases, lymphoma is a major sign of AIDS. Lymphoma is largely caused by the Epstein-Barr virus or Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus.
Cervical cancer in women with HIV are considered the hallmark of AIDS. Cancer is caused by human papilloma virus.
Patients infected with HIV may also be affected by other tumors, such as Hodgkin lymphoma, cancer of the colon (rectum), and rectal cancer. However, many common tumors such as breast cancer and colon cancer (colon), which does not increase incidence in HIV infected patients. In places do highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in dealing with AIDS, the emergence of various AIDS-related cancers declined, but at the same time the cancer became the most common cause of death in HIV-infected patients.
Other opportunistic infections
AIDS patients usually suffer from opportunistic infections with non-specific symptoms, especially low-grade fever and weight loss. These opportunistic infections including infections with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare and cytomegalovirus. Cytomegalovirus can cause inflammation of the colon (colitis) as described above, and disturbances in retinal inflammation (cytomegalovirus retinitis), which can cause blindness. Infections caused by the fungus Penicillium marneffei, or called Penisiliosis, opportunistic infections now are the third most common (after tuberculosis and cryptococcosis) in HIV positive people in endemic areas of Southeast Asia.
Cause
AIDS is the worst form for the consequences of HIV infection. HIV is a retrovirus that usually attacks the vital organs of the human immune system, such as CD4 + T cells (a type of T cells), makrofaga, and dendritic cells. HIV damages the CD4 + T cells directly and indirectly, whereas CD4 + T cells needed for immune system to function properly. When HIV has killed CD4 + T cells to the number shrinks to less than 200 per microliter (mL) of blood, then the immunity at the cellular level will be lost, and the result is a condition called AIDS. Acute HIV infection will progress to clinically latent infection, and symptoms of early HIV infection, and eventually AIDS, which is identified by examining the number of CD4 + T cells in the blood and the presence of certain infections.
Without antiretroviral therapy, the average duration of progression of HIV infection to AIDS is nine to ten years, and the average survival time after AIDS is only about 9.2 months. However, the rate of progression of the disease in each person varies greatly , that is from two weeks to 20 years. Many factors influence it, such is the strength of the body to defend against HIV (such as immune function) from an infected person. Parents generally have a weaker immunity than younger people, so more at risk of disease progression rapid. Less access to health care and the presence of other infections such as tuberculosis, can also accelerate the progression of this disease. genetic heritage infected person also plays an important role. Some people are naturally resistant to some HIV variants. HIV has some genetic variation and a variety of different forms, which will cause the rate of progression of clinical disease are different also. Highly active antiretroviral therapy will be able to extend the average time berkembangannya AIDS , and the average time the ability of patients to survive.
Sexual transmission
Transmission (transmission) of HIV is sexually occurs when there is contact between the secretion of vaginal fluids or fluids preseminal someone with rectum, genitals, or mucous membranes of the mouth of her partner. Receptive unprotected sexual intercourse is more risky than unprotected insertive intercourse, anal intercourse and the risk is greater than usual risk sex and oral sex. Oral sex does not mean no risk because HIV can enter through both insertive and receptive oral sex. Sexual violence in general increased the risk of HIV transmission is not generally used as a protective and often physical trauma to the vaginal cavity which facilitates the transmission of HIV.
Sexually transmitted diseases increase the risk of HIV transmission because it can cause the disruption of normal epithelial tissue as a result of genital ulcers, and also because of the accumulation of HIV-infected cells (lymphocytes and makrofaga) in semen and vaginal secretions. Epidemiological studies from Sub-Saharan Africa, Europe and North America showed that there were approximately four times greater risk of becoming infected with HIV as a result of genital ulcers such as those caused by syphilis and / or chancroid. Risk is also increased significantly, although much smaller, by the presence of sexually transmitted diseases like gonorrhea, chlamydia infection and trichomoniasis which cause local accumulations of lymphocytes and makrofaga.
Transmission of HIV depends on the infectiousness of people with and susceptibility of the uninfected partner. Infectivity seems to vary at different stages of the disease and not constant between individuals. Plasma viral load that can not be detected does not necessarily mean that low viral load in semen or genital secretions. Every 10 times increase in the number of blood plasma HIV RNA is proportional to the 81% increase in the rate of HIV transmission. Women are more susceptible to HIV-1 infection due to hormonal changes, vaginal microbial ecology and physiology, and greater vulnerability to sexual diseases . People who are infected with HIV can still be infected with other virus types are more deadly.
Contamination of blood-borne pathogens
Routes of transmission is primarily associated with injecting drug users, hemophiliacs, and recipients of blood transfusions and blood products. Sharing and reusing syringes (syringe) containing blood contaminated by biological disease-causing organisms (pathogens), not only is the main risk for HIV infection, but also hepatitis B and hepatitis C. Sharing the use of syringes is the cause of one third of all new HIV infections and 50% of hepatitis C infection in North America, People's Republic of China, and Eastern Europe. Risk of being infected with HIV from a single prick with a needle used HIV-infected people suspected of approximately 1 in 150. Post-exposure prophylaxis with anti-HIV drugs can further reduce that risk. Workers' health facilities (nurses, laboratory workers, doctors, etc.) are also feared, although less frequently. Routes of transmission may also occur in people who give and receive a tattoo and body piercing. Universal precautions are often not adhered to both in sub-Saharan Africa and Asia because of lack of resources and inadequate training. WHO estimates that 2.5% of all HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa are transmitted through injection at the health facilities that are not safe. Therefore, the General Assembly of the United Nations, supported by general medical opinion on the issue, encouraging state- countries in the world to implement universal precautions to prevent HIV transmission through health facilities.
The risk of HIV transmission to recipients of blood transfusions is very small in developed countries. In developed countries, improved donor selection and HIV conducted observations. However, according to the WHO, the majority of the world's population lack access to safe blood and "between 5% and 10% of HIV infections worldwide occur through transfusion of infected blood".
Perinatal transmission
Transmission of HIV from mother to child can occur through the womb (in utero) during the perinatal period, ie the last weeks of pregnancy and during labor. If not treated, the rate of transmission from mother to child during pregnancy and childbirth is 25%. However, if the mother had access to antiretroviral therapy and gave birth by cesarean, the rate of transmission is only 1%. A number of factors may influence the risk of infection, especially viral load in the mother during delivery (the higher the viral load, the higher risk). Breastfeeding increases the risk of transmission of 4%.
Diagnosis
Since June 5, 1981, many definitions that appear to control the epidemiology of AIDS, such as the Bangui definition and the World Health Organization definition of AIDS in 1994. However, both systems are actually intended for monitoring the epidemic and not for the determination of clinical stage patients, because the definitions used are not sensitive or specific. In developing countries, the World Health Organization system for HIV infection are used to using clinical and laboratory data, while in developed countries used the classification system of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) United States.
WHO stage system infection
In 1990, the World Health Organization (WHO) classify various infections and AIDS conditions by introducing a system of stages for patients infected with HIV-1. The system was updated in September 2005. Most of these conditions are opportunistic infections are easily treatable in healthy people.
* Stage I: HIV infection is asymptomatic and not categorized as AIDS
* Stage II: includes minor manifestations of mucous membranes and upper respiratory tract inflammation of the recurring
* Stage III: including chronic diarrhea of unexplained for more than a month, severe bacterial infections, and tuberculosis.
* Stage IV: includes toxoplasmosis of the brain, candidiasis of the esophagus, trachea, bronchi or lungs and Kaposi's sarcoma. All these diseases are indicators of AIDS.
CDC classification system
There are two definitions of AIDS, both of which are issued by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Initially the CDC does not have an official name for this disease; that AIDS was referred to the name of the diseases associated with it, for example, is lymphadenopathy. The discoverer of HIV even in the first name with the name of the AIDS virus. The CDC started using the word AIDS in September 1982, and defines the disease. In 1993, the CDC expanded their definition of AIDS to include all people the number of CD4 + T cells below 200 per mL of blood or 14% of all limfositnya as people with HIV positive. The majority of AIDS cases in developed countries use both these definitions, both the CDC definition and the pre-1993 past. A diagnosis of AIDS is maintained, although the number of CD4 + T cells increased over 200 per mL of blood after treatment of diseases or signs that there had been cured of AIDS.
HIV Testing
Many people do not realize that they are infected with the HIV virus. Less than 1% of urban population in Africa are sexually active has been tested for HIV, and the percentage is even less in rural areas. In addition, only 0.5% of women who came to contain urban public health facilities to obtain guidance on AIDS, underwent the examination, or receive their test results. This figure is even smaller in rural public health facilities. Thus, the blood of donors and blood products used for treatment and medical research, should always be examined HIV contamination.
Common HIV tests, including HIV enzyme imunoasai and Western blot testing, performed to detect HIV antibodies in serum, plasma, oral fluid, dried blood, or urine of patients. However, the period between infection and the development of infection-fighting antibodies that can detect (window period) for each person may vary. This is why it takes 3-6 months to determine seroconversion and positive test results. There are also commercial tests to detect other HIV antigens, HIV-RNA, and HIV-DNA, which can be used to detect HIV infection despite the development of antibodies can not be detected. Although these methods are not specifically approved for the diagnosis of HIV infection, but has been used routinely in developed countries.
Prevention
Three main lines (routes) the entry of HIV into the body is through sexual relations, contiguity (exposure) with a fluid or tissue of infected, as well as from mother to fetus or baby during the period around birth (perinatal period). Although HIV can be found in saliva, tears and urine of infected people, but there is no record of cases of infection due to the liquid-liquid, thus the risk of infection is generally negligible.
Sexual Relations
The majority of HIV infection from unprotected sexual relations between individuals one of whom has HIV. Heterosexual intercourse is the main mode of HIV infection in the world. During sexual intercourse, only the male condom or female condom can reduce the likelihood of HIV infection and other sexually transmitted diseases as well as the possibility of pregnancy. The best current evidence indicates that condom use reduces the risk of transmission of HIV prevalent until approximately 80% in the long run, although this benefit is greater if condoms are used correctly on every occasion. male condoms made from latex, if used correctly without oil-based lubricants, is the single most effective technology today to reduce the sexual transmission of HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases. Parties condom manufacturers recommend that oil-based lubricants like petroleum jelly, butter, and lard not be used with latex condoms because these materials can dissolve latex condoms and make holes. If necessary, the manufacturers recommend using water-based lubricants. Used oil-based lubricants with polyurethane condoms.
The female condom is an alternative to male condoms made of polyurethane, which allows it to be used with oil-based lubricants. Female condoms are larger than the male condom has an open end and ring-shaped hard, and are designed to be inserted into the vagina. The female condom has a ring inside that makes the condom remains inside the vagina - to insert the female condom, the ring must be pressed. Obstacles is that now the female condom is still rarely available and the price is not affordable for large numbers of women. Preliminary research indicates that with the availability of female condoms, sexual relations with a protective overall increase relative to unprotected intercourse, so that the female condom is an important HIV prevention strategy.
Research on the one infected partner show that with consistent condom use, the rate of HIV infection to an uninfected partner are below 1% per year. The strategy of prevention has been well recognized in developed countries. However, behavioral and epidemiological research on in Europe and North America showed the presence of minority groups of young people who still do high-risk activities despite knowing about HIV / AIDS, thus ignoring the risks they face on HIV infection. However, HIV transmission antarpengguna drugs has decreased, and HIV transmission by blood transfusion is becoming quite rare in developed countries.
In December 2006, research using randomized controlled trials confirmed that male circumcision reduces the risk of HIV infection in heterosexual African men by about 50%. It is hoped this approach will be promoted in many countries are infected with HIV is most severe, although its application will be faced with a number of issues in relation to practicality, culture, and behavior. Some experts are concerned that the perception of a lack of susceptibility of HIV in male circumcision, may increase risky sexual behavior, thereby reducing the impact of these prevention efforts.
The United States government and various health organizations recommend the ABC Approach to lower the risk of getting HIV through sexual contact. The formulation in the Indonesian language
Infected body fluid contamination
Medical workers who follow universal precautions, like wearing latex gloves when injecting, and always wash your hands, can help prevent HIV infection.
All AIDS-prevention organizations advise drug users to not share needles and other materials necessary to prepare and take drugs (including syringes, cotton balls, spoons, water-thinning drug, straws, etc.). People need to use a new needle for each injection and sterilized. Information on cleaning needles using bleach is provided by healthcare facilities and needle exchange programs. In some developed countries, clean needles are free in some cities, at needle exchange or safe injection sites. Many countries have legalized the possession of needles and injecting equipment allows the purchase from pharmacies without a prescription.
Transmission from mother to child
Studies indicate that antiretroviral drugs, caesarean section, and formula feeding reduce the chances of HIV transmission from mother to child (mother-to-child transmission, MTCT). If replacement feeding is acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable , and safe, HIV-infected mothers are advised not to breastfeed their children. However, if these things can not be met, exclusive breastfeeding is recommended during the first months and then stopped as soon as possible. In 2005, approximately 700,000 children under 15 years of contracting HIV, mainly through maternal transmission to children; 630 000 infections of which occur in Africa. Of all the children who allegedly are now living with HIV, 2 million children (nearly 90%) live in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Handling
To date there is no vaccine or cure for HIV or AIDS. The only method known to prevention is based on avoidance of contact with the virus or, failing that, antiretroviral treatment directly after contact with the virus significantly, called post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). PEP has a four-week dosing schedule that demands a lot of time. PEP also has unpleasant side effects such as diarrhea, malaise, nausea, and fatigue
Antiviral therapy
Current handling of HIV infection is highly active antiretroviral therapy (highly active antiretroviral therapy, HAART abbreviated). This therapy has been very beneficial to people who are infected with HIV since 1996, ie after HAART initially became available protease inhibitors. Current optimal HAART options, a combination of at least three drugs (so-called "cocktail), which consists of at least two kinds (or" classes ") antiretroviral materials. Typical is a nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (or NRTIs) with protease inhibitor, or with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). Because HIV disease progress faster in children than in adults, it was more aggressive treatment recommendations for children than for adults. In the state- developing countries that provide HAART treatment, a doctor will consider the quantity of viral load, CD4 reduced speed, and mental readiness of patients, while choosing the time to start treatment early.
HAART allows stable maintenance of symptoms and viremia (the large number of viruses in the blood) in patients, but it does not cure or eliminate the symptoms of HIV. HIV-1 in a high level are often resistant to HAART and the symptoms return after treatment is stopped. Moreover, it takes more than a lifetime to clear HIV infection using HAART. Nevertheless, many people with HIV experience a great improvement in general health and quality of life, resulting in a drastic reduction of morbidity (morbidity) and death rate (mortality) due to HIV. Without HAART treatment, changes in HIV infection into AIDS occurs at a mean (median) between nine to ten years, and subsequent survival time after contracting AIDS was 9.2 months. [25] The application of HAART is thought to increase the survival time of patients for 4 to 12 years. For several other patients, whose numbers may be more than fifty percent, HAART treatment gives results far from optimal. This is because of side effects / impact of treatment can not be tolerated, previous antiretroviral therapy is not effective, and certain infections are drug resistant HIV. Noncompliance and irregularities in implementing antiretroviral therapy is the main reason why most individuals fail to benefit from the application of HAART. There are various reasons for the attitude of disobedience and irregular for the application of HAART. Psychosocial issues is the lack of access to primary health facilities, lack of social support, mental illness and drug abuse. HAART treatment is also complex, due to various combinations of the number of pills, dosing frequency, meal restrictions, and others who should be run regularly. A variety of side effects that also lead to reluctance to regularly in the application of HAART, include lipodystrophy, dislipidaemia, insulin resistance, increased risk of cardiovascular system, and congenital abnormalities in babies born.
Anti-retroviral drugs were expensive, and the majority of individuals infected in the world does not have access to treatment and care for HIV and AIDS.
Handling of experimental and advice
There has been the opinion that the vaccine was only suitable to withstand the global epidemic (pandemic) vaccine because the cost is cheaper than the cost of other treatments, so that developing countries are able to enable it and patients do not require daily maintenance. However, after more than 20 years of research , HIV-1 remains a difficult target for vaccines.
Various research to improve care, including efforts to reduce the side effects of drugs, simplification of combination of drugs to facilitate usage, and determining the best sequence of treatment combinations to the face of drug resistance. Several studies have shown that preventive measures can be useful opportunistic infection when treating patients with HIV infection or AIDS. Vaccination for hepatitis A and B is recommended for patients who are not infected with this virus and the risk for infection. Patients who experience immune suppression is also suggested that large receive preventive therapy (prophylactic) for pneumococcal pneumonia, as well as patients with toxoplasmosis and cryptococcal meningitis many who would benefit from such prophylactic therapy.
Alternative medicine
Various forms of alternative medicine used to treat symptoms or alter the direction of progression of the disease. Acupuncture has been used to overcome some of the symptoms, such as the edge of nervous disorders (peripheral neuropathy), such as leg cramps, tingling or pain; but does not cure HIV infection. tests randomized clinical trials on the effects of herbal medicines show that there is no evidence that medicinal plants are having an impact on the progression of the disease, but instead the possibility of giving a variety of serious negative side effects.
Some data show that multivitamin and mineral supplements to reduce the possibility of progression of HIV disease in adults, although there is no convincing evidence that the death rate (mortality) will be reduced in people who have good nutritional status. Vitamin A supplementation in children children may also have some benefits. The use of selenium dose daily routine can lower HIV viral load pressure through an increase in CD4 count. Selenium can be used as a complementary therapy to a variety of standard antiviral treatment, but can not be used alone to reduce mortality and morbidity.
Recent investigation showed that the treatment therapy alteratif have little effect on mortality and morbidity of this disease, but can improve the quality of life for individuals suffering from AIDS. Psychological benefits of various alternative therapies that really is the most important benefits from its use.
But the research that revealed the presence of simtoma hipotiroksinemia in patients with AIDS who contracted HIV-1 virus, some experts suggest intake of hormone therapy with thyroxine. The hormone thyroxine is known to increase basal metabolic rate of eukaryotic cells and improve the pH gradient in mitochondria.
Epidemiology
UNAIDS and WHO estimate that AIDS has killed more than 25 million people since it was first recognized in 1981, making AIDS one of the most devastating epidemic in history. Despite recent, improved access to antiretroviral treatment in many regions of the world, the AIDS epidemic claimed an estimated 2.8 million (between 2.4 and 3.3 million) lives in 2005 and more than half a million (570,000) were children children. Globally, between 33.4 and 46 million people now living with HIV. In 2005, between 3.4 and 6.2 million people are infected and between 2.4 and 3.3 million people with AIDS died, an increase from 2003 and the highest number since 1981.
Sub-Saharan Africa remains the worst infected areas, with an estimated 21.6 to 27.4 million people currently living with HIV. Two million [1.5 & -3.0 million] of them are children younger than 15 years. More than 64% of all people living with HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa, more than three-quarters (76%) of all women living with HIV. In 2005, there were 12.0 million [10.6-13.6 million] orphans / AIDS orphans live in sub-Saharan Africa. South Asia and Southeast Asia are second worst affected with 15%. 500,000 children die from AIDS in this region. Two-thirds of HIV / AIDS in Asia occur in India, dengawn estimated 5.7 million infections (estimated 3.4 - 9.4 million) (0.9% of the population), South Africa passed the estimates of 5.5 million (4.9-6.1 million) (11.9% of population) infections, making this country with the largest number of HIV infections in the world. In 35 countries in Africa with the largest alignment, normal life expectancy of 48.3 years - 6.5 years less than would be without the disease.
History
AIDS was first reported on June 5, 1981, when the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention United States recorded a Pneumocystis pneumonia (now still classified as PCP but known to be caused by Pneumocystis jirovecii) in five homosexual men in Los Angeles.
Two species of HIV known to infect humans is HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-1 is more deadly and more easily enter the body. HIV-1 is the source of the majority of HIV infections in the world, while HIV-2 hard to be included and are mostly located in West Africa. Both HIV-1 and HIV-2 originated from primates. Origin of HIV-1 derived from the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes in southern Cameroon found. HIV-2 originated from sooty mangabey (Cercocebus atys), monkey of Guinea Bissau, Gabon, and Cameroon.
Many experts believe that HIV entered the human body from contact with other primates, for instance during hunting or cutting meat. the more controversial theory known as the OPV AIDS hypothesis, stating that the AIDS epidemic began in the late 1950s in Belgian Congo as a result of research Hilary Koprowski of the polio vaccine. However, the scientific community generally believes that the scenario is not supported by existing evidence.
Social and Cultural Rights
Stigma
Punishment or social stigma by people in various parts of the world against AIDS sufferers there are in many ways, including acts of exclusion, rejection, discrimination, and avoidance of people suspected of being infected with HIV; mandatory HIV testing without obtaining the prior consent or protection of confidentiality ; and application of quarantine of persons infected with HIV. violence or fear of violence, has prevented many people to do an HIV test, examining how their test results, or attempting to obtain care; so it may change a chronic illness that can controlled a "death sentence" and made the spread of HIV.
The stigma of AIDS can be further divided into three categories:
* Instrumental AIDS Stigma - the reflection of fear and concern for matters related to deadly and infectious diseases.
* Stigma symbolic AIDS - namely the use of HIV / AIDS to express attitudes toward social groups or a particular lifestyle that is considered associated with the disease.
* Courtesy stigma of AIDS - the social penalties for those dealing with issues of HIV / AIDS or HIV positive people.
The stigma of AIDS is often expressed in one or more stigma, especially related to homosexuality, bisexuality, prostitution, and drug use by injection.
In many developed countries, there is a connection between AIDS and homosexuality or bisexuality, which correlates with the level of sexual prejudice is higher, such as anti-homosexual attitudes. Similarly, there is a perceived association between AIDS and sexual relations between men, including when the relationship between uninfected partners.
Economic Impact
HIV and AIDS slows economic growth by destroying the man with the ability of production (human capital). Without proper nutrition, health facilities and medicines in developing countries, people in these countries became victims of AIDS. They not only can not work, but will also require adequate health facilities. Forecast that this will lead to economic collapse and relationships in the region. In areas heavily infected, the epidemic has left many orphans are cared for by grandparents who were old.
The higher rate of death (mortality) in a region will lead to shrinking working population and those skilled. Fewer workers will be predominantly young, with knowledge and experience fewer employment so that productivity will decrease. Increased worker leave to see family members who are sick or on leave due to illness will also reduce productivity. Increased mortality will also weaken the mechanisms of production and human resource investment (human capital) in the community, which is due to loss of income and the death of the parents. Because of AIDS caused the death of many young adults, it weakens the population of taxpayers, reduce public funding such as education and health facilities that are not associated with AIDS. This puts pressure on state finances and slow economic growth. Effects slowing growth in the number of taxpayers will increasingly be felt in case of increased spending for the handling of the sick, training (to replace sick workers), the replacement cost of illness, and care of AIDS orphans. This is especially likely to occur if the sharp increase in adult mortality lead to displacement of responsibility and blame, from family to government, to deal with the orphans.
At the household level, AIDS caused the loss of revenue and increase health spending by a household. Decreased income leads to reduced expenditure, and there are also effects the transfer of education expenditure towards health and funeral expenses. Research in Côte d'Ivoire showed that households with HIV / AIDS patients to pay twice as much for medical care than for other household expenses.
Disclaimers Upper AIDS
A small group of activists, among them including some scientists are not researching AIDS, questioned about the relationship between HIV and AIDS, the existence of HIV itself, and the truth of the experiments and methods of treatment used to handle it. Their claims have been widely examined and rejected by the scientific community, although the continued spread through the Internet and could have political influence in South Africa by former president Thabo Mbeki, who led the government to blame for an ineffective response to the AIDS epidemic in the country .
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