Menstrual Cramp - Seizures So Painful - Treatments for Women

Menstrual Cramp - Seizures So Painful - Treatments for Women

Definition of menstrual cramps

Menstrual cramps are pains in the abdomen and pelvic areas experienced by a woman as a result of her menstrual period. Menstrual cramps are not the same as the discomfort felt during premenstrual syndrome (PMS), although the symptoms of both disorders can sometimes be experienced as an ongoing process. Many women suffer from both PMS and menstrual cramps.

Menstrual cramps can range from mild to very severe / severe. Menstrual cramps may be barely noticeable mild and of short duration - sometimes felt just as a feeling of reduced weight in the abdomen. Menstrual cramps can be tough so painful that they interfere with routine activities of a woman for several days.

How Common menstrual cramps?

Menstrual cramps of some degree affect more than an estimated 50% of the women, and among these, up to 15% would describe her menstrual cramps as severe. Surveys of adolescent girls shows that over 90% of girls reported having menstrual cramps.

Definition of Dysmenorrhea

The medical term for menstrual cramps is dysmenorrhea. There are two types of dysmenorrhea, primary (primary) and secondary (secondary).

In primary dysmenorrhea, there is no underlying problem gynecologist who cause pain. This type of seizure may begin within six months to a year after menarche (onset of menstruation), the time when a girl starts having menstrual periods. Menstrual cramps typically does not begin until the ovulatory menstrual cycles (when an egg is released from the ovaries) occurs, and the actual menstrual bleeding usually begins before the onset of ovulation. Therefore, a teenage girl may not experience dysmenorrhea until many months to years after the onset of menstruation.

In secondary dysmenorrhea, some abnormal condition of the underlying (usually involving a woman's reproductive system) contribute to menstrual pain. Secondary dysmenorrhea is probably obvious at menarche, but, more often, the condition develops later.

Causes of Menstrual cramps

Each month, the inner lining of the womb (endometrium) is formed in preparation for a possible pregnancy. After ovulation, if the egg is not fertilized by a sperm, no pregnancy and the resulting uterine lining is no longer needed. The levels of the hormones estrogen and progesterone a woman down, and the uterine lining becomes swollen and die. He was later released and will be replaced with a new layer to the next monthly cycle.

When the old uterine lining begin to break down, molecular compounds called prostaglandins are released. These compounds cause the muscles of the womb to contract. When the muscles of the womb to contract, they constrict the blood supply (vasoconstriction) to the endometrium. This narrowing prevents delivery of oxygen to the tissues of the endometrium which, in turn, breaks down and die. After the death of this network, the womb contractions literally squeeze the old endometrial tissue through the cervix (cervical) and out of the body by way of the vagina. Other compounds known as leukotrienes, which are chemicals that play a role in the inflammatory response, also elevated at this time and may be associated with the development of menstrual cramps.

Some Seizures So Painful

Menstrual cramps are caused by contractions of the womb that occur in response to prostaglandins and other chemicals. Sensation (feeling) seizures (amplified) when clots or pieces of tissue from the lining of the uterus pass through the cervix, especially if a woman's cervical canal is narrow.

The difference between menstrual cramps are more painful and less painful they may be associated with elevated levels of prostaglandins a woman. Women with menstrual cramps have levels of prostaglandins are elevated in the endometrium (uterine lining) when compared with women who did not experience seizures. Menstrual cramps are very similar to that experienced by a pregnant woman when she is given prostaglandin as a medication to induce labor.

Menstrual cramps can be Measured?

Yes. Menstrual cramps can be scientifically demonstrated by measuring the pressure in the content and the number and frequency of contractions of the womb. During a normal menstrual period, the average woman has contractions of a low pressure (50-80 mm Hg), which lasted 15-30 seconds at a frequency of 1-4 contractions every 10 minutes. When a woman has menstrual cramps, contractions-contractions are of a higher pressure (they may pass through 400 mm Hg), lasting longer than 90 seconds, and often occur less than 15 seconds apart.

Other Factors Affecting Menstrual cramps

As mentioned above, a narrow cervical canal unusual tends to increase menstrual cramps. Other anatomical factors that are thought to contribute to menstrual cramps is a slope that rolled back from the womb (retroverted uterus).

Exercise is now recognized deficiencies contribute to menstrual cramps are painful.

It has long been thought that psychological factors also play a role. For example, it is widely accepted that emotional stress can increase the discomfort of menstrual cramps.

The symptoms of menstrual cramps

Menstrual cramps are pains that start in the lower abdomen and pelvis. Discomfort can be extended to the lower back or legs. Seizures can be a very painful sore or just a dull pain. They can be periodic or continuous basis.

Menstrual cramps usually start shortly before the menstrual period, peaking within 24 hours after the onset of pains, and subsided again after a day or two days.

Menstrual cramps may be accompanied by a headache and / or nausea, which can lead, though rarely, at the point of vomiting. Menstrual cramps can also be accompanied by constipation or diarrhea because the prostaglandins that cause smooth muscles to contract are found in both the uterus and gastrointestinal tract. Some women experience an urge for urinating more often.

Diagnosing Menstrual cramps

Diagnosis of menstrual cramps are usually made by women themselves and reflect the individual perception of pain. Once a woman has experienced menstrual cramps, usually with the onset of menses as a teenager, her menses (monthly menstrual flow), he became aware of the typical symptoms.

Seizures-Treatment For Common menstrual cramps (primary dysmenorrhea)

Every woman needs to find a treatment that works for him. Perhaps the most common treatment, especially in the past, is lying at the first sign of pain. It is usual that the restroom, restroom woman has a bed (couch) so that a woman who felt sick or unwell can lie down. A bed in the school nurse's office serves the same purpose and the girls are routinely exempted from physical education or other classes because of menstrual cramps.

The recommendations now include not only adequate rest and sleep, but also exercise regularly (walking terutam). Some women find that massage (massage) the stomach, yoga, orgasm or sexual activity helps. A heating pad placed in the abdominal area may relieve pain and congestion.

A number of agents that are not prescription (over-the-counter) can help control the pain as well as actually prevent menstrual cramps themselves. For mild cramps, aspirin or acetaminophen (Tylenol), or acetaminophen plus a diuretic (Diurex MPR, FEM-1, Midol, Pamprin, Premsyn, etc.) may be sufficient. However, aspirin has limited effect in detaining the production of prostaglandins and is only useful for the spasms that are less painful.

The main agents for treating menstrual cramps are the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which lowers the production of prostaglandins and reduce its effects. NSAIDs that do not require a prescription are:

* Ibuprofen (Advil, Midol IB, Motrin, Nuprin, etc.);

* Naproxen sodium (Aleve, Anaprox), and

* Ketoprofen (Actron, Orudis KT).

A woman should start taking one of these medications before the pain becomes difficult to control. This may mean starting medication 1-2 days before her period starts and continue taking the drug 1-2 days into the period. The best results are obtained by taking one of the NSAIDs on a scheduled basis and not wait until the pain starts.

NSAIDs are prescribed for the treatment of menstrual cramps include mefenamic acid (Ponstel).

If-convulsive seizures Very Heavy / Severe

If the menstrual cramps in a woman is too heavy / severe to be controlled by these strategies, the doctor may prescribe a low dose oral contraceptive containing estrogen and progestin on a regular cycle or extended. This type of approach can prevent ovulation (the monthly release of an egg) and reduce the production of prostaglandins which, in turn, reduces the severity of spasticity and causes a mild menstrual flow.

The use of an IUD that releases small amounts of progestin levonorgestrel directly into the cavity of the womb, have been associated with a 50 percent reduction in the prevalence of menstrual cramps. In contrast, IUDs do not contain hormones, such as those containing copper, may worsen menstrual cramps.

Operations Solutions

In the past, many women with menstrual cramps had an operation known as D & C (dilation and curettage) to remove several layers of content. This procedure is also sometimes used as a diagnostic measures to detect the conditions of cancer or precancerous uterine lining. Some women even take the road on the final solution to the issue of possession of menstruation with a hysterectomy, surgery that removes the entire content.

Today, when a woman has heavy bleeding and pain of the womb is abnormal, the doctor may recommend endometrial ablation, a procedure in which uterine lining burned off or evaporated using an apparatus that produces heat.

Treatment of Secondary Dysmenorrhea

Treatment of secondary dysmenorrhea depends on its cause. There are a number of underlying conditions that can contribute to pain include:

* Endometriosis (cells of the uterine lining weeds located in other areas of the body);

* Uterine Fibroids (growths are not cancerous womb that respond to estrogen levels);

* Adenomyosis (a benign condition in which cells of the inner uterine lining invade muscular wall, myometrium);

* Pelvic inflammatory disease or pelvic inflammatory disease (PID);

* Adhesions (abnormal fibrous patches between the organs); or

* The use of an intrauterine device (IUD) for contraception.

All of these conditions must first be diagnosed by a doctor who will then recommend an appropriate treatment.

If a woman begins to experience changes in menstrual cramps, as in the severity, timing, or location, he must confer (consult) with the doctor, especially if the change is a sudden onset.

Prognosis For menstrual cramps

In general, seizures do not worsen a woman's menstrual life. In fact, menstrual cramps of primary dysmenorrhea usually decreases with age and after pregnancy. This is expected due to the fact that the content of the nerves degenerate (degenerate) with age and disappeared at the end of pregnancy, with only a portion of these nerves to renew after the birth of a child.

When there is secondary dysmenorrhea with an underlying condition that contributed to the pain, the prognosis depends on the successful treatment of that condition.

When the women have learned more about their bodies and how to maintain them at maximum health, menstrual cramps have become less of a terrible disease, and more often, merely an inconvenience for a small monthly.

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Menstruation - Women Menstrual Cycle, Signs and Symptoms

Menstruation - Women Menstrual Cycle, Signs and Symptoms

Menstruation or menstruation or coming months is the physiological changes that occur in a woman's body on a regular basis and are influenced by reproductive hormones. This period is important in terms of reproduction. In humans, this usually occurs every month between the ages of adolescence to menopause. Besides humans, this period only occurs in large primates, while other mammals have estrous cycles.

In women the menstrual cycle occurs on average about 28 days, although this is generally accepted, but not all women have the same menstrual cycle, sometimes cycles occur every 21 days to 30 days. Typically, the average menstrual occurred 5 days, sometimes menstruation can also occur about 2 days to 7 days. Generally caused by menstrual blood loss was 10ml up to 80mL per day but usually with an average of 35mL per day.

Usually when a woman's menstrual wear pads to accommodate the blood that comes out during the move, especially during sleep so that your butt and pants are not wet and stay comfortable. Bandages should be changed at least twice a day to prevent infection of the vagina or other disturbances. Use the pads of the anti-bacterial and has a smooth air cycle.

The menstrual cycle

The menstrual cycle is divided into four phases.

Phases of menstruation

That is, the entire uterine wall and the release of the body. This is due to reduced levels of sex hormones. Hali is gradually occurred on days 1 through 7.

Phase preovulatory

Namely, the formation and maturation of ova in the ovary that is triggered by elevated levels of estrogen in the body. This happens in stages on day 7 to 13.

Phase ovulation

Ovulation is the fertile period or a period in a woman's menstrual cycle where a mature egg cell is ready to be fertilized. If the woman had sexual intercourse in the fertile period or ovulation then the chance of pregnancy. 

Determining the fertile period

Several methods of determining the fertile period can be viewed in several ways:

1. Changes in Menstrual Periods

2. Mucus Cervix Changes

3. Basal Body Temperature Changes

Phase pascaovulasi

Namely, the deterioration does not occur when the ovum fertilization. At this stage, there is an increase of progesterone production so that the endometrium becomes thicker and ready to receive the embryo to develop. If fertilization does not occur, then the sex hormones in the body will occur again and again the menstrual phase.

Signs and symptoms

The following are some signs and symptoms that can occur during the menstrual period:

* Stomach feels heartburn, nausea and heat.

* Feels pain during urination.

* The body does not fit.

* Fever.

* Headache and dizziness.

* Whitish.

* Inflammation of the vagina.

* Itching of the skin.

* Emotions rise.

* Pain and swelling in the breast.

* Body odor is not pleasant.

Countermeasures

During menstruation, pain from menstrual cramps often come. Could only vaguely or very painful. This condition is a bit disturbing during menstruation. Condition in medical terms is called dysmenorrhea is usually the case in the under abdomen. For reduce pain during menstruation, there are some things to do are:

* Increase your intake of fluids to avoid dehydration. Lack of fluids will make the pain more so. Try to drink warm water to increase blood flow to the pelvic region.

* Make a concoction of ginger. The trick, boil a few pieces of ginger that has been crushed in water and drink ginger in warm water.

* Place a warm towel around the lower abdomen. It's a fairly easy way to relieve pain temporarily.

* Avoid drinking beverages that contain caffeine because it can lead to irritation of the small intestine.

* Drinking a mint-flavored tea. Better if it's drunk warm.

* Stretching in the morning can be launched circulation of blood and simultaneously reduce pain.

Disorders of menstruation

* Painful periods or dysmenorrhea.

The first dysmenorrhea usually associated with rising levels of natural chemicals in the body during ovulation, which causes pain. Dysmenorrhea both a sign of a fundamental disorder. This second dysmenorrhea affects menstruating women who have never before. Abnormality reproduction, endometriosis, or fibroids can cause menstruation with pain, and the only way to know for certain the cause is to check with your doctor. Symptoms of dysmenorrhea include pain in the lower back or legs, abdominal cramps, or pain in the pelvic bone. These menstrual disorders may indicate infertility.

* Menstruation is very great, or menorrhagia.

Hormonal imbalance or uterine abnormalities can cause menstrual blood volume is very high, but Dr. Minkin says that the cause is not always clear. If women menstruate for seven days or more, and blood coming out again is not accommodated by the pads, then it is likely he suffered from menorrhagia. The blood clot also actually normal, but blood clots in large numbers is a sign of "heavy periods". Menorrhagia can cause anemia, so make sure you consume enough iron. Lean meat, green vegetables, cereals, oatmeal, boiled soybeans, and other nuts, is a good source of iron. You may need medication from the doctor to cope with excessive menstrual or anemia, but be sure your doctor knows if for example you're trying to get pregnant.

* Irregular Menstruation, or oligomenorrhea.

Menstruation is not predictable the arrival including normal, but only when this is happening in the first year women experience during menstruation and perimenopause (the years leading to menopause). Or hormone imbalance disorders also cause irregular menstruation, which can affect fertility and women the opportunity to get the baby.

* Not having menstruation or amenorrhea.

If a woman does not menstruate for three months, chances are she is pregnant. However, other causes could also be because he was experiencing amenorrhea, perimenopause, or menopause. The most common cause of absence of menstruation is pregnancy. Amenorrhea is also a side effect of disease, stress, exercise too heavy, or weight loss is too much. If a woman is not menstruating, could so she did not ovulate (release an egg every month no). If you are not ovulating then he will trouble getting pregnant. Patients should avoid a strict diet and exercise.

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Blood Clots - Complication, Information

Blood Clots - Complication, Information

Definition

Blood is the fluid that flows in the blood vessels. He is always in motion when the heart pumps blood through the arteries to the various organs and cells from different body. The blood is returned to the heart by the veins. Veins in the body is pressed when muscles contract and push blood back to the heart.

Blood clotting is an important mechanism to help the body repair the blood vessels are injured. Blood consists of:

* Cells red blood that contain hemoglobin that carries oxygen to cells and remove carbon dioxide (a waste product of metabolism),

* Cells white blood that fight infection,

* Platelet which is part of the body's clotting process, and

* Blood plasma, which contains a fluid, chemicals and proteins functions which is essential for the body.

Mechanism complex occurs in the bloodstream to form clots where they are needed. If  e lining of blood vessels injured, platelets recruited into the injured area to form the initial blockage. This enabled Platelets schemicals release that initiates the clotting cascade, using a series of factors clumping produced by the body. Finally, fibrin is formed, the protein that crosses itself to form a mesh that form blood clots that end.

Medical term for blood clot is a thrombus (plural = thrombi). When the thrombus is formed as part of normal body repair process, there is little consequence. Unfortunately, there hours when a thrombus (blood clot) is formed in which he is not required, and this may have significant potential consequences.

Cause Blood clots

Clots blood is formed when there is damage to the lining of blood vessels, artery or vein. The damage may be obvious, such as laceration (laceration), or it may occur at the microscopic level. As well, the blood will start to clot if he stops moving and becomes stagnant.

Venous thrombosis, or blood in the veins clots occurs when a person becomes paralyzed and muscles not contract to push blood back to the heart. Blood of the stagnant  began to form small clots along walls vein. This initial clot can be grow to tie up part or the whole or obstruct the veins and prevent blood back to the heart. Analogy (similarities) of the process is slow flow river. With the passage of time, rgrasses wild and algae began to gather along the river where water flows edges more slowly again. Gradually, when the wild grasses begin to grow, they begin to invade the center of the river because they can withstand the pressure of the water flow coming.

Arterial thrombi (clots blood in the arteries) occurs by different mechanisms. For those with atherosclerotic disease, plaque formed along sediments lining of arteries and veins constrict growth. It is a disease process that may lead to heart attack, stroke, or peripheral arterial disease. If plaque tear (rupture), blood clots can form in place and can jam up in full or partial blood flow at that point.

Clots blood in the heart. In atrial fibrillation, the atria or upper chambers of the heart is not beating in an organized way (regular). Instead, he was shaken, and the blood tends to be stagnant (stagnant) along walls atrium. Through time, this may lead to the formation of small blood clots. clots can also form in the ventricle after a heart attack when part of the heart muscle is injured and unable to contraction normally. Due to the damaged area will not contract with a whole heart, blood can begin to assemble or stagnated, leading to clot formation.

Blood leaks out of blood vessels. Clots blood can form when blood leaks out of blood vessels. It's very rewarding when someone gets cuts or scratches, because the clot helps stop further bleeding at the site of injury. Clotting mechanism works well also after trauma. Bones broken, sprains, and bleeding nose bleeding results in all controlled by the body's clotting mechanism.

Clots blood vessels that lead to other medical issues. Occasionally, abnormal blood clotting which can cause medical issues because of its location. For example, if the bleeding occurs in the urine of diversity causes anything (such as infection, trauma, or tumor) clots can form and prevent bladder emptying, leading to her arrest urine. Clot formation in the womb (uterus) may cause pain when clots expelled through the cervix (cervical) and can lead to vaginal bleeding, as part of a period or as abnormal vaginal bleeding (menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea).

Factors Risk For Blood clots

Factors risk for clots arteries are common to all vessels diseases that causes narrowing of the blood, cholesterol plaque formation and plaque tears.

* High blood pressure (hypertension)

* Hight leverl cholesterol

* Diabetes (diabetes)

* Smoking

* Family history

Clots formed veins are caused by either of two reason : 1) paralysis, and 2) mistakes genetic clotting mechanism.

1. Paralysis: Most commonly, when the body stops moving, the risk of increased blood clots, because the muscle movements necessary to pump blood to the heart. Blood of the stagnant (stagnant) in the vein tends to clot.

* This may happen when a person is hospitalized in hospitals or lying in bed after illness or surgery.

* It may also occur with long runs (as in a car, train, or plane) where the time had passed without someone hours might get up to walk or stretch yourself.

* Bleeds orthopedic and casting also puts people at risk.

* Pregnancy is a risk factor for the formation of blood clots and pelvis, because the content is growing at an extension may be enough to slow the flow of blood back to the heart so that blood clots may be formed.

2. Mistakes genetic clotting mechanism : There may be errors gens or who were born in the clotting mechanism, make someone hypercoagulable (hyper = more coagulation + = clumping) and greater risk for the formation of clots..

Types of Clots Conditions Caused By Blood

Clots blood can cause life-threatening medical conditions, and always considered in the differential diagnosis of  sign symptoms or whatever. Differential diagnosis is a list of potentially causes of the patient's condition, which is considered by doctors when examining patients.

Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism

Deep venous thrombosis can lead to pulmonary embolism. If there is a blood clot or thrombus within a deep vein, he is the possession of the potential to break off (embolize) and flows through venouses back through the heart, and into the lungs where it can be trapped in small blood vessels, which prevents the proper functioning of the lungs. Pulmonary embolism is a medical emergency and can cause serious illness or death.

Embolus is the medical term for blood clot that has moved with the flow of blood to different locations. With a pulmonary embolus (PE), two things happened.

1. Compromised pulmonary blood supply and the affected area of ​​lung tissue into infarction, or death.

2. Because of the blockage, the ability of the lungs to provide oxygen to the body decreases and hypoxia (reduced oxygen levels in the blood and throughout the body) may occur.

Even if no embolic venous blood clots (broken and despite running), they may cause significant local issues with swelling and pain. Because blood can not return to the heart if the vein is blocked by a clot, members body is chronically swollen and may have reduced function in a condition called chronic thrombophlebitis.

Arterial thrombus

Arterial thrombus stops blood supply to tissue outside the barrier, stopping the supply of oxygen and nutrients to the cells. This quickly leads to tissue death. Arterial thrombus is the mechanism that causes:

* A heart attack (when it occurs in the coronary arteries that supply blood to the heart)

* Stroke (when it occurs in arteries in the brain), or

* Peripheral vascular disease (occurring in arteries of legs).

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Stem Cells - Learn About Types and Definition - Embryonic Fetal Induced pluripotent Umbilical cord

Stem Cells - Learn About Types and Definition

Definition of Stem Cells

Stem cells are cells that have the potential to develop into stout cell types are different or special. Stem cells can be thought of as the cells are primitive, "not special" that is able to divide and become specialized cells of the body such as liver cells, muscle cells, blood cells and other cells with special functions. Stem cells are referred to as cell-cell "undifferentiated" because they still do not require on site development will form a specific tissue or organ. The process of change into a specific cell type known as differentiation. In some areas of the body, stem cells divide regularly to update and improve the existing network. Bone marrow and gastrointestinal tract (gastrointestinal tract) are examples of areas where stem cells serve to renew and repair tissue.

Examples of the best and most readily understood from the stem cells in humans is that of a fertilized egg, or zygote. Single-cell zygote is formed by the union of sperm and ovum. Sperm and ova carrying each with half the genetic material necessary to form a new individual. Once a single cell or zygote starts to divide, he was known as an embryo. One cell becomes two, two become four, four become eight, eight to sixteen, and so on; multiply rapidly until it finally creates a sophisticated whole organism. Organism, a person, is a very intricate structure composed of many, many, billions of cells with functions diverse as your eyes, your heart, your immune system, the color of your skin, your brain, etc.. All of the specialized cells that form body systems are descendants of the original zygote, a stem cell with potential to eventually develop into all types of body cells. The cells of the zygote is totipotent, meaning that they have the capacity to develop into any type of cell in the body.

The process by which stem cells are obliged to be differentiated, or specialized cells is complex and involves regulation of gene expression. Research is underway to further understand the events and molecular controls are necessary for stem cells to become specific cell types.

Why are Stem Cells Important?

Stem cells present in the exciting area of ​​medicine because of their potential to renew and repair damaged tissue. Some current therapies, such as bone marrow transplants, have been using stem cells and their potential for regeneration (renewal) of the damaged tissues. Other therapies are under investigation involving the transplantation of stem cells into the damaged parts of the body and direct them to grow and differentiate into healthy tissue.

The Different Types Of Stem Cells

Embryonic stem cells

During the initial circumstances of the development of embryonic cells remain relatively undifferentiated or not different (immature) and seems to have the ability to become, or differentiate, into almost every tissue in the body. For example, cells taken from one part of the embryo that may have been part of the eye can be moved into other parts of the embryo and may develop into blood cells, muscles, nerves, or heart.

Cells at early embryonic stages are totipotent (see above) and can differentiate (hold the difference) to be all types of body cells. After about seven days, zygote form a structure known as a blastocyst, which contains a mass of cells that eventually become the fetus, and trophoblastic tissue which eventually becomes the placenta. If the cells are taken from blastocystpada this stage, they are known as pluripotent, which means that they have the capacity to become many different types of human cells. The cells at this stage is often referred to as a blastocyst embryonic stem cells. If any type of embryonic stem cells grown in culture in the laboratory, they can divide and grow indefinitely. The cells were then known as embryonic stem cell lines.

Fetal stem cells

Embryo is referred to as a fetus after the eighth week of development. Containing fetal stem cells that are pluripotent and eventually evolved into the tissues of the body are different in the fetus.

Stem cells of the adult

Stem cells of the adult is present in all human beings in small amounts. The adult stem cell is one of a group of cells that we have been able to manipulate it quite effective in bone marrow transplant arena through 30 years ago. These are stem cells that are largely tissue specific in their location. Instead of typically give rise to all body cells, these cells are capable of giving rise only to the few types of cells that develop into specific tissues or organs. They are by caused known as multipotent stem cells. Stem cells of the adult is sometimes referred to as somatic stem cells.

The most well characterized example of the adult stem cells are blood stem cells (hematopoietic stem cells). When we refer to bone marrow transplantation (bone marrow) stem cell transplantation, or blood transplantation, the transplanted cells are hematopoietic stem cells, or stem cell blood. These cells are very rare cells that are found primarily in the bone marrow of adults.

One of the exciting discoveries of the past years is the reversal of long-held scientific belief that the adult stem cells are stem cells that are fully obligated. Previously believed that hematopoietic stem cells, or blood-forming, can only create other blood cells and can never be other types of stem cells. Now there is evidence that some of the adult stem cells seem to be able to change direction obliged to become stem cells in different organs. For example, there are several models of bone marrow transplantation in mice with damaged hearts in which the liver grows back partially with cells derived from bone marrow transplanted. Similar studies can be conducted which show that many cell types can be derived which differ from each other. It appears that heart cells can be grown from bone marrow stem cells, that bone marrow cells can be grown from stem cells derived from muscle, brain and that stem cells can change into many types of cells.

Peripheral blood stem cells

Most blood stem cells present in bone marrow, but there is little that is present in the bloodstream. This means that so-called peripheral blood stem cells (PBSCs) can be isolated from blood samples taken. Blood stem cells can give rise to large numbers of different cells that form blood and immune system, including red blood cells, platelets, granulocytes, and lymphocytes.

* Red blood cells carry oxygen throughout the body and gives blood its color.

* Platelets are cell fragments that stop bleeding person and helps the body to clot and heal when he was interrupted.

* Granulocytes are the types of white blood cells that help fight bacterial infections.

* Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cells that are part of the immune system, help fight other infections, and also may be involved in protection against cancer.

All of the cells with very different functions are very different from stem cells derived from a common ancestral, an obligation of blood-forming (hematopoietic).

Umbilical cord stem cells

Blood from the umbilical cord (umbilical cord) contain some stem cells that are genetically identical to the newborn. As the adult stem cells, multipotent stem cells are able to differentiate into specific cell types, but not all. For these reasons, umbilical cord blood is often stored for possible future use when it comes to individual need stem cell therapy.

Induced pluripotent stem cells

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) was first created for human cells in 2007. These are cells that are genetically adults have been converted (changed) to a state such as embryonic stem cells. In animal studies, iPSCs have been shown to have characteristics of pluripotent stem cells. IPSCs and humans can differentiate into fetal cell types differ that much. IPSCs is a valuable aid to the study of disease progression and drug treatment, and they may have future uses in science medical transplantation. Further research is needed regarding the development and use of these cells.

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Hemophilia Disease - Sign Symptoms Causes and Treatments

Hemophilia Disease - Sign Symptoms Causes and Treatments

Definition of Hemophilia

Hemophilia is not one disease but rather one of a group of diseases that cause inherited bleeding abnormal bleeding or excessive and poor blood clotting. The term is most commonly used to refer to two specific conditions are known as hemophilia A and hemophilia B, which will be the main subjects of this article. Hemophilia A and B are distinguished by specific gene mutated (turned into broken) and encodes for clotting factors (proteins) are damaged in any disease. Rarely, hemophilia C is encountered, but its effect on clotting much less assertive than A or B.

Hemophilia A and B inherited the genetic patterns associated latent in X and therefore much more common in men. The pattern of inheritance means that a given gene on the X chromosome reveals itself only when there is no normal genes are present. For example, a son have only one X chromosome, so a boy with hemophilia have a defective gene on the X chromosome solo (and so is said to be hemizygous for hemophilia). Hemophilia is a genetic disease associated with X are most common.

Although it is far more rare, a girl can have hemophilia, but he would have to have a defective gene on both X chromosomes her or have hemophilia gene plus one copy of a lost or damaged from the second X chromosome must carry the gene- the normal gene. If the girls have one copy of the defective gene on one of her X chromosomes and a normal second X chromosome, he does not have hemophilia but is said to be heterozygous for hemophilia (carrier). Sons they have a 50% chance of passing the mutated gene X and so has a 50% chance inherit hemophilia from their carrier mothers.

Hemophilia A occurs in approximately 1 of every 5000 male births living. Hemoplilia A and B occur in all groups of tribes. Hemophilia A is approximately four times more common than B; B occurs in approximately 1 of the 20-34.000- birth of a living man.

Hemophilia has been called the royal disease because of Queen Victoria, Queen of England from 1837 to 1901, is a carrier (carrier). Daughters give the mutated gene in members of the royal family of Germany, Spain, and Russia. Alexandra, granddaughter of Queen Victoria, who became Tsaritsa of Russia in the early 20th century when she married Tsar Nicholas II, is a carrier. Their son, Tsarevich Alexei, had hemophilia.

Causes of Hemophilia

As mentioned above, hemophilia is caused by genetic mutations. Mutations involving genes that encode proteins that are important in blood clotting process. The symptoms of bleeding caused by impaired blood clotting.

The process involves a series of blood clotting mechanisms are complex, usually involving 13 different proteins that are classically termed I through XIII and written with roman figures. If the lining of blood vessels is damaged, platelets are recruited into the injured area to form the initial blockage. Platelets are activated it releases chemicals that initiate the clotting cascade, activates a series of 13 proteins known as clotting factors (clotting). Finally, fibrin is formed, the protein crossed with itself to form a mesh that forms a blood clot last. Proteins involved with hemophilia A is a factor VIII (factor 8) and with hemophilia B is a factor IX (factor 9).

Hemophilia A is caused by mutations in the gene for factor VIII, so there is a shortage of these clotting factors. Hemophilia B (also called Christmas disease) results from a deficiency of factor IX caused by mutations in genes simultaneously.

The condition is referred to as hemophilia C involves deficiencies of clotting factors XI. This condition is much rarer than hemophilia A and B and typically lead to mild symptoms. He is also not inherited in a way related to the X and affects people of both sexes.

Hemophilia A is more common than hemophilia B. Approximately 80% of people with hemophilia have hemophilia A. Hemophilia B occurs in approximately 1 of every 25.000 to 30.000 people. Subgroup of which with hemophilia B have a so-called Leyden phenotype, characterized by severe hemophilia in childhood improved in adolescence.

Signs and symptoms of Hemophilia

Hemophilia can vary in severity, depending on the type of specific mutations (genetic damage). The degree of symptoms depends on the levels of clotting factor that is affected. Severe disease is defined as the activity factor of less than 1%, the activity factor of 1% to 5% is a disease that is being, and activity factor greater than 5% is a mild disease. Widely depending on the severity of bleeding (the amount of activity factor) and is similar to hemophilia A and B.

With severe hemophilia (A or B), bleeding began at an early age and may occur spontaneously. Those with mild hemophilia may only bleed excessively in response to injury or trauma. Carriers (carriers) of female hemophilia have varying degrees of activity of factors, some may have levels close to normal and showed no bleeding tendencies whatever, while some may have less than 50% reduction predicted and may bleed more often than female non-carrier-women (not carriers).

In severe hemophilia, bleeding episodes usually begin within the first 2 years of life. Heavy bleeding after circumcision (circumcision) in men is sometimes the first sign of this condition. The symptoms may develop later in those with moderate or mild disease. Bleeding from hemophilia can occur anywhere in the body. Common places are for bleeding joints, muscles, and digestive system. Specific places and types of bleeding are discussed below.

* Hemarthrosis (bleeding into the joints) is characteristic of hemophilia. Knees, ankles and wrists are most commonly affected. Bleeding causes distension of the joint spaces, significant pain, and through time, can become deformed. Through time, the destruction of the joints occurs, and operation of joint-replacement surgery may be necessary.

* Bleeding Into Muscles-Muscles may occur with the formation of hematoma (compartment syndrome).

* Bleeding from mouth or nosebleeds may occur. Bleeding after dental procedures are common, and bleeding from the gums may occur in young children when the new teeth appear.

* Bleeding from the digestive system can lead to blood in the stool.

* System Of Urine Bleeding can lead to blood in the urine (hematuria).

* Intracranial hemorrhage (bleeding into the brain or skull) can lead to symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and / or lethargy.

* Bleeding That Rises After Trauma Surgery Or is characteristic of hemophilia.

Diagnosing Hemophilia

The majority of patients with hemophilia have a known family history of this condition. However, about one-third dar cases occur in the absence of a known family history. Dar most cases without a family history is caused by a mutation arose spontaneously in the affected gene. Other cases may be caused by inherited genes that are affected by a long line of female carriers.

If there is no known family history of hemophilia, a series of blood tests can identify the parts or a protein factor which from damaged blood clotting mechanism if one had episodes of abnormal bleeding.

The number of platelets (particles important for blood clotting process) should be measured as well as two indices of blood clotting, prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Normal platelet count, normal PT and aPTT are prolonged is characteristic of hemophilia A and hemophilia B. Specific tests for blood clotting factors can then be done to measure the levels of factor VII or factor IX and confirm the diagnosis.

Genetic testing to identify and characterize the specific mutations responsible for hemophilia is also available in special laboratories.

Do Allows To Know If You Are Carriers of Hemophilia?

Because the men with a genetic mutation will have hemophilia, a man who does not have the condition can not be carriers (carriers) of disease. A woman who has a son with hemophilia who knows termed as an obligate carrier, and no testing is required to establish that he is a carrier (carrier) of hemophilia.

The women whose status was unknown carrier can be evaluated by testing for clotting factors or with methods to characterize mutations in DNA. DNA screening methods are the most trusted general.

Prenatal diagnosis is also possible to test DNA-based tests performed on samples obtained through amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling. Most of the individuals seen and tested by consultants who specialize in diseases associated with genetic.

Treatments For Hemophilia

The mainstay of treatment is replacement of clotting factors. Clotting factor concentrates can be purified from human donor blood or manufactured in the laboratory using methods that do not use a blood donor. This type of therapy known as replacement therapy (replacement therapy). Clotting factor replacement therapy is done by infusion clotting factor concentrates in the vein, such as blood transfusion. This type of therapy can be done at home with proper instruction and practice.

Depending on the severity of the condition, replacement therapy may be implemented as a base if necessary (so-called demand therapy) or on a regular basis to prevent bleeding episodes (known as prophylactic therapy).

Oran who have mild cases of hemophilia A is sometimes treated with the drug desmopressin, also known as DDAVP. This drug stimulates the release of more of the clotting factors by the body. He slowly inserted through the intravenous route (IV) or sometimes in the form of nasal spray.

Pain relievers may be prescribed for the liberation of the symptoms, but pain relievers other than aspirin or drugs anti-inflammatory non-steroidal (such as naproxen, ibuprofen) should be used, because the types of these drugs further impede the ability of blood to clot. Acetaminophen (Tylenol, etc.) is often given for pain relief.

What are the complications of treatment

Inhibitors

The main complication of treatment is the development of so-called inhibitors (inhibitors) to clotting factors. Inhibitors (antibodies) produced because the body view factor concentrates used to treat patients to reduce or prevent bleeding, as foreign and activates an immune response in patients to destroy foreign elements (factor VIII or factor IX).

Inhibitors to factor VIII is the most common and occurs in approximately one third of those with severe hemophilia A and is approximately 1 of every 50 people with hemophilia A mild or moderate. They typically develop in childhood in those with severe hemophilia A and then life squad in cases of lighter. Inhibitors destroy both concentrates replacement factor VIII and factor VIII are present in any body. This is a serious complication of treatment for factor concentrates are no longer effective in treating the condition. The action of inhibitors destroy factor VIII concentrates showed varying degrees of severity among individuals and may even differ over time in the same individual.

At about two-thirds of the cases, inhibitors disappear by itself or with treatment, known as immune tolerance therapy or immune tolerance therapy (ITT) or immune tolerance induction (ITI). In cases of severe hemophilia A with the persistence of the inhibitors, concentrates of other factors, such as activated prothrombin complex concentrate or recombinant factor VIIa, is given to try to help control bleeding.

The development of inhibitors to factor IX is far less common and occurs in approximately 1% of those with hemophilia B. However, this can cause very serious allergic reaction when konsenrat-administered factor IX concentrates. Immune tolerance therapy to eliminate the inhibitors are less successful than with hemophilia A.

Infections

Infection blood-born infections, such as the HIV virus and hepatitis B and C, is a major complication of treatment for hemophilia during the 1980s. These infections are transmitted through factor concentrates and other blood products used to treat hemophilia. The use of donor blood bags are great for preparing concentrates of factors and the lack of specific tests for infectious agents both contributed to the contamination of blood products used to treat hemophilia. In 1985, approximately 90% of people with severe hemophilia were infected with the HIV virus, and approximately half of all people with hemophilia were HIV-positive. Now, screening practices and improved manufacturing techniques expenses including viruses and the development of recombinant factors have essentially eliminated the tragic complications of treatment.

Prevent Hemophilia

Hemophilia is a genetic disease (inherited) and can not be prevented. Genetic counseling, identification of carriers (carriers) through molecular genetic testing, and prenatal diagnosis is available to help individuals understand their risk of having a child with hemophilia.

Divination (prognosis) for Hemophilia

Prior to factor concentrates are developed, those with hemophilia have a reduced life expectancy significantly. The life expectancy before the 1960s for those with severe hemophilia is limited to 11 years. Right now, the death rate for men with hemophilia is twice that of healthy men. As mentioned earlier, the increase in HIV infections and hepatitis related with therapy during the 1980s led to a corresponding increase in mortality rates.

Today, the immediate and adequate treatment can greatly reduce the risks of bleeding episodes that threaten lives and severity of long-term damage to the joints, but the worsening of the joints remains a chronic complication of hemophilia.

Nursing-Care Possible For The Future of Hemophilia

Many experiments and studies on the way to examine the possibility of using gene therapy to replace defective genes in hemophilia. Today, the production of stable and continuous from the factors that reduced still not been achieved in humans, but this is an active area of ​​investigation that holds great promise for the future.

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Anemia - Sign And Symptoms

Anemia - Sign And Symptoms

Definition of Anemia

Anemia is a medical condition in which the number of red blood cells or hemoglobin less than normal. The normal level of hemoglobin is generally different for men and women. For men, anemia is typically defined as a hemoglobin level of less gram/100ml from 13.5 and in women as hemoglobin less than 12.0 gram/100ml. These definitions may vary slightly depending on the source and reference laboratories.

Causes of Anemia

Any process that can disrupt the normal life of red blood cells may cause anemia. Normal lifetime of a typical red blood cell is about 120 days. Red blood cells are made in the bone marrow (bone marrow).

Anemia is basically caused by two basic roads. Anemia caused by:

1. by reducing the production of red blood cells or hemoglobin, or

2. by blood loss or destruction.

As classification is more common than anemia (low hemoglobin) based on the MCV, or the volume of red blood cells of individuals.

1. If the MCV is low (less than 80), anemia is categorized as microcytic anemia (low cell volume).

2. If the MCV within the normal range (80-100), he called normocytic anemia (normal cell volume).

3. If the MCV is high, then it is called macrocytic anemia (large cell volume).

Looking at each of the components of a complete blood count (CBC), especially the MCV, doctors can gather clues as to what became the most common cause for anemia.

Iron Deficiency Can Cause Anemia?

Of course! This is because iron is a major component of hemoglobin and is essential for good function of it. Chronic blood loss caused by any cause is the major cause of low iron levels in the body because it thins the body's iron reserves to compensate for the loss of iron that is running. Anemia caused by iron levels are low so-called iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency is a very common cause of anemia.

Women more likely than men to have iron deficiency anemia due to blood loss through menstruation every month is normal. This is generally without any major symptoms because their blood loss is relatively small and temporary.

Iron deficiency anemia can also be caused by repeated minor bleeding, such as cancer of the colon (large intestine) or ulcers (ulcers) of the stomach. Bleeding stomach ulcers may or may not be induced by drugs and even prescription drugs without a very common such as aspirin and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin). In infants and young children, iron deficiency anemia is most often caused by food (dietary) iron-deficient.

Interpretation of the CBC may lead to clues that suggest this type of anemia. For example, iron deficiency anemia usually presents a low mean corpuscular volume (microcytic anemia) in addition to low hemoglobin.

Acute blood loss (Suddenly) For Cause Anemia

Acute blood loss from internal bleeding (such as from a bleeding ulcer) or external bleeding (such as from trauma) can result in anemia in a short period of time awesome. This type of anemia can result in symptoms and severe consequences if not treated immediately.

Other causes of anemia

Some of the causes The most common include:

* Lack of vitamin B12 may cause pernicious anemia. This type of anemia can occur in people who are unable to absorb vitamin B12 from their intestines caused by a number of reasons:

o-vegetarians are strict vegetarians who may not be taking vitamin supplements is sufficient, or

o alcoholics long term.

This typically causes macrocytic (large cell volume) anemia. Vitamin B12, along with folate, is involved in making heme molecule that is an integral part of hemoglobin. Folate deficiency anemia can be accused of. It may also be caused by inadequate absorption, consumption is less than the green-green, leafy vegetables, and also long-term heavy alcohol use.

* Can be rupture of red blood cells (hemolytic anemia) caused by antibodies that attach to the surface of cells of anger (eg, hemolytic disease of newborns and in many other conditions).

* A variety of bone marrow diseases that can cause anemia wide.

o For example, cancers that spread (metastasize) to bone marrow (bone marrow), or cancers of the bone marrow (such as leukemia or multiple myeloma) can cause the bone marrow is not producing enough red blood cells, resulting in anemia .

o Chemotherapy for certain cancers can also cause damage to the bone marrow and reduced production of red blood cells, resulting in anemia.

o certain infections may involve the bone marrow and resulted in the destruction of the bone marrow and anemia.

o Finally, patients with renal failure may lack the hormones needed to stimulate production of red blood cells by bone marrow (bone marrow).

* Another common cause of anemia is called anemia of chronic disease. This can typically occur in individuals with chronic diseases are prolonged.

* Some medications can cause anemia in a variety of ways.

* Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) can cause anemia.

Can Anemia Inherited?

Yes, the anemia is probably genetic. Inherited diseases that can shorten the life of red blood cells and lead to anemia (eg, sickle cell anemia). Derivatives diseases can also cause anemia by exacerbating the production of hemoglobin (eg, alpha thalassemia and beta thalassemia).

Depending on the degree of genetic disorders, anemia, anemia derivatives may cause a mild anemia, moderate, or severe. In fact, some may be too severe to be in harmony with life and may result in the death of the fetus (unborn child). On the other hand, some of the anemia-anemia is so mild that they are not recorded and revealed by chance during routine blood work.

Symptoms Of Anemia

Some patients with anemia have no symptoms. Others with anemia may feel:

* Tired,

* Easy fatigue,

* Appear pale,

* Develop palpitations (feeling of heart palpitations), and

* Become short of breath.

Additional symptoms may include:

* Loss of hair,

* Malaise (general feeling of malaise), and

* Worsening of heart problems.

It is worth noting that if the anemia is prolonged (chronic anemia), the body may adjust the oxygen levels are low and the individual may not feel any different until anemia becomes severe. On the other hand, if anemia occurs rapidly (acute anemia), the patient may experience significant symptoms relatively quickly.

Diagnosing Anemia

Anemia is usually detected or at least confirmed by complete blood cell (CBC) count. CBC test may be ordered by a physician as part of a general check-ups and routine screening or based on signs and clinical symptoms that may suggest anemia or other blood abnormalities.

Definition of Complete Blood Cell (CBC) Count

CBC is a test to calculate and examine the different types of cells in the blood. Traditionally, CBC analysis performed by a doctor or lab technician to view the slide prepared from a blood sample under microscope. Today, much of this work is often automated and done by machines. Measurements of six components form a CBC test:

1. Red blood cell (RBC) count, or red blood cell count

2. Hematocrit

3. Hemoglobin

4. White blood cell (WBC) count or white blood cell count

5. Differential blood count (the "diff")

6. Platelet count or platelet count

Only the first three of these tests: red blood cell (RBC) count, hematocrit, and hemoglobin, are relevant to the diagnosis of anemia.

In addition, the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) were also frequently reported on the CBC, which essentially measures the average volume of red blood cells in a blood sample. This is important in differentiating the causes of anemia. The units of MCV reported in femtoliters, fractions of one millionth liter.

Other helpful hints on the causes of anemia that was reported on CBC is the size, shape, and color of the red blood cells.

Taking Blood For CBC

Blood was drawn by venipuncture (using a needle to draw blood from a vein) in the lab, hospital, or doctor's office. Typically, blood is drawn in a special sterile tubes from the arm vein. The tube has several preservatives to prevent blood clotting. The results may be available within one hour or longer depending on the setting.

In some instances, where the practice of a rapid test called hemoglobin rapid test may be done using a few drops of blood from a finger prick. The advantage of this rapid test is that the results may be obtained within a few minutes and only a few drops of blood may be needed.

Definition of Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count

Red blood cells or red blood cells (RBCs or erythrocytes) are the type of cells that are most common in the blood. We have each with millions of tiny cells are disc shaped. RBC RBC count or calculation performed to determine whether the number of red blood cells is low (anemia) or high (polycythemia).

At RBC count, the number and size of the RBCs is determined. This is usually reported as a number of RBCs per volume of a specific, typically in millions of RBC's in the micro-liters of whole blood. The shape of red blood cells were also evaluated under a microscope. All of this information, numbers, size and shape of the RBCs, is useful in the diagnosis of anemia. Furthermore, the specific type of anemia may be determined by this information.

Definition of Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is the red pigment that gives red color that is known in red blood cells and in blood. Functionally, hemoglobin is the key chemical compound that combines with oxygen from the lungs and transports oxygen from the lungs to cells throughout the body. Oxygen is essential to all cells in the body to generate power.

Blood also carries carbon dioxide, which is a waste product of this energy production process, back to the lungs from which it is exhaled into the air. Transport of carbon dioxide back into the lung is also carried by hemoglobin. Carbon dioxide bound to hemoglobin in the lungs is released in exchange for oxygen to be transported to body tissues.

The Meaning of Low Hemoglobin Levels

Low hemoglobin is called anemia. When there is a low hemoglobin level, there is often a red blood cell count is low and low hematocrit. The boundaries of reference is a little different from one source to another, but typically less from 13.5 hemoglobin is abnormal in men and less than 12.0 in women.

Definition of hematocrit

Specifically hematocrit is a measure of how much blood is made by the red cells. Hematocrit is a very convenient way to determine whether red blood cell count is too high, too low, or normal. Hematocrit is a measure of the proportion of blood that consists of red blood cells.

Determine the hematocrit

RBCs in the blood samples were packed into small by rotating (spinning) in a centrifuge tube under conditions that have been determined. The proportion of tubes consisting of RBCs is then measured. Tell them that it is 45%. Hematocrit is 45.

Treating Anemia

Treatment of anemia vary enormously. First, the underlying cause of anemia should be identified and corrected. For example, anemia as a result of blood loss from gastric ulcer should begin with medications to treat ulcers (ulcers). Likewise, surgery is often necessary to remove the colon cancer that cause chronic blood loss and anemia.

Sometimes iron supplements will also be needed to correct iron deficiency. In severe anemia, blood transfusions may be needed. Vitamin B12 injections will be necessary for patients who suffer from pernicious anemia or other causes of B12 deficiency.

In certain patients with bone marrow disease (or bone marrow damage from chemotherapy) or patients with renal failure, epoetin alfa (Procrit, Epogen) may be used for stimulates production of red blood cells of bone marrow.

If the drug is estimated to be the culprit, then he must be stopped under the direction of doctors who prescribe it.

What are the complications of anemia?

As mentioned earlier, hemoglobin has an important role delivering oxygen to all parts of the body for consumption and transport behind the carbon dioxide to the lungs to exhale out of the body. If the hemoglobin level is too low, this process may disturb, resulting in the body has a low oxygen level (hypoxia).

Prognosis For Anemia

Anemia generally have an excellent prognosis and it may be cured in many events. The overall prognosis depends on the underlying cause of anemia, severity, and overall health of the patient.

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